The use of epidemiology to enhance production animal research

The approach to understanding the impact of management and disease in production animal systems has evolved with the advent of both routine on-farm data collection and new analytic epidemiology techniques. Epidemiology provides a tool to describe the host-agent-environment triad and the impact of multiple variables on productivity and health recognized by production animal veterinarians in their day-to-day work. Field trials enable veterinarians to systematically test whether or not a new treatment improves the health of the animal populations in their geographic region and under their production systems. Hypothesis-specific coding techniques, such as hierarchical variables, are used in a systematic manner to understand well-defined biological phenomenon. Clustering at multiple levels has provided the challenges of measuring management changes in each level. Using random effects models allow us to determine the relative importance of each level on the dependent variable. As epidemiologists, we have taken advantage of analytic techniques used in other fields of science. Geo-spatial statistics has been used to understand the clustering and spread of diseases and more recently, to interpret the laboratory findings related to the introduction of an exotic strain of the influenza virus. Dr. Martin, through his work as a veterinary epidemiologist and that of people he has influenced, has been an international leader in promoting the optimal health and productivity of animal populations and of ensuring the safety of foods of animal origin and preventing animal-related disease in humans.     

饲用复合酶对蛋用种鸡日粮磷的利用和生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究低磷日粮添加复合酶制剂对蛋用种鸡磷的利用和生产性能的影响。选用972只24周龄罗曼褐父母代种鸡,分为3个处理,每处理6个重复,每重复54只种鸡。采用玉米-豆粕-杂粕型基础饲粮,正对照组含总磷0.55%,非植酸磷0.40%,不加酶;负对照组含总磷0.40%,非植酸磷0.21%,不加酶;试验组含总磷0.40%,非植酸磷0.21%,加酶制剂。试验期18周。结果表明:在低非植酸磷的日粮中添加复合酶,粪便中磷含量极显著低于正对照组(P<0.01);粪便中粗蛋白质含量显著低于正对照组和负对照组(P<0.05);显著改善蛋黃顔色(P<0.05);不影响生产性能、骨骼发育和蛋壳质量。添加200 g/t复合酶替代罗曼褐蛋用种鸡日粮中75%的磷酸氢钙能够降低饲料成本,提高养殖企业的经济效益,对罗曼褐蛋用种鸡生产性能无不利影响。     

Effects of shrimp pond water on phytoplankton: importance of salinity and trophic status of the receiving environment

Aquaculture generates a large load of effluents rich in organic matter and nutrients that may be introduced into the environment. This study aimed to assess in a microcosm experiment, the effect of shrimp pond water mixed with Patos Lagoon estuary water on phytoplankton chlorophyll a and primary production, simulating two salinities. Chlorophyll a, dissolved inorganic nutrients and primary production were measured in two experiments. In Harvest I, salinity of shrimp pond and environment water was similar, and chlorophyll a showed different trends over time, according to the amount of nitrogen available. In Harvest II, with different salinities and high nutrient concentrations in environment water, chlorophyll a levels showed a similar increasing trend over time in all mixtures. Net primary production showed differences among treatments in the first sampling in Harvest I, but not in the second, whereas no differences were observed among treatments in Harvest II. We conclude that shrimp pond effluent can lead to short‐term variations in chlorophyll a and primary production levels, with similar salinities. Salinity differences result in lower chlorophyll a and primary production values than expected according to the nutrient input. Differences in salinity can be an important management strategy to choose the best harvest period.     

甜叶菊种子高效生产技术

根据生产实际,总结出甜叶菊种子高效生产技术。     

Application of crop growth simulation and mathematical modeling to supply chain management in the Thai sugar industry

The poorly integrated cane supply planning between mills and cane growers in the Northeast of Thailand generates an excess of cane supplies that exceeds the mills’ capacity during the peak of harvest season. Each grower individually determines his/her cultivation plan by selecting planting dates and cultivars based on one’s own preference without taking into account the individual mill’s capacity and other growers’ plans. This situation causes most sugarcane grown in this area to reach its mature stage at the same period. In this study, we propose a framework of cultivation planning to cope with the problem. The focus of the cultivation plan is a long-term plan to determine the cultivation time, the cultivar selection and the corresponding prospective harvesting time window for each field such that overall sugar production is optimized.The crop growth model and a mathematical model are employed for yield simulation and optimization task. The crop growth model enables decision-makers to visualize cane production of each individual field at different dates with different cultivars and allow decision-makers to apply the mathematical programming to cultivation planning. The suggested framework has the potential to increase sugar production by 23% when compared to the traditional method.     

豫州褐壳蛋鸡Ⅰ,Ⅱ系杂交效果分析

对豫州褐壳蛋鸡Ⅰ、Ⅱ系杂交效果研究表明,其生活力、主要生产性能均有明显提高,健雏率、育雏率、育成率、产蛋期存活率分别达到９９．０２％,９７．８７％,９７．１２％和９３．３５％,开产日龄提早６￣９ｄ,全期产蛋２５４．２０枚,料蛋比２．４２：１。     

肉鸭粪便排放特征的季节性变化

本研究旨在探讨肉鸭粪便的特性,并对其不同季节的污染物排放特征进行评价,为肉鸭养殖场废弃物处理和资源化利用提供依据。分4个季节进行了北京Z型肉鸭饲养试验(饲养期37 d),记录采食量、产粪量,并定期测定饲料和粪便中水分和有机质含量及总氮(TN)、P、Cu、Zn含量。结果表明:肉鸭粪便中Zn含量秋季最高, TN、P、Cu含量均为冬季最高;冬季粪便中TN含量极显著高于夏、秋两季(P0.01); P、Cu含量在冬季均极显著高于其余季节(P0.01);粪便中Cu、Zn含量均为春季最低。肉鸭粪便平均含水率为84.61%,夏季最高,春季最低;平均有机质含量为83.38%,表现为冬春秋夏。春夏秋冬四季的粪便产生量分别为338.3g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、275.9 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、317.6 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)和327.0 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1),夏季最低。TN、P、Cu、Zn的排泄系数分别为2.13 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、2.48g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、2.56 mg?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、21.10 mg?d~(-1)?只~(-1);春冬两季的TN日排泄量显著高于夏秋两季; P的日排泄量表现为冬季极显著高于其余3个季节;夏季Cu的日排泄量与春季差异不显著,极显著低于秋、冬两季(P0.01)。TN在秋季排泄占比最低,春季最高;而P排泄占比为秋季最高,春季最低。肉鸭在饲养期TN、P、Cu、Zn的排泄量与对应元素的摄入量具有极显著的正相关关系(P0.01)。研究表明:季节因素能对肉鸭粪便中含水率、有机质、TN、P、Cu和Zn含量产生显著影响,同时各季节各元素的排泄量与相应元素的摄入量显著相关。     

多鳞四指马鲅5个地理群体的形态差异

为探讨不同地理群体多鳞四指马鲅形态差异,实验基于2018—2019年采自海门、如东、舟山、三门、珠海5个地理群体的133尾多鳞四指马鲅个体进行35个可量性状和8个可数性状测定,并拍摄保存样本照片用于几何形态学分析。多鳞四指马鲅的传统形态学和几何形态学分析结果显示,5个地理群体的多鳞四指马鲅形态特征存在一定程度的差异,且和地理距离成正相关,但尚未达到种群分化的程度。这可能是更新世冰期时,海平面下降导致南海和东黄海之间形成地理隔离所致;但随更新世末期海平面上升,因多鳞四指马鲅极强的洄游习性,仍有部分群体可以在黄海和南海之间进行长距离洄游,以及鱼卵和仔稚鱼存在随洋流扩散从而群体间存在不同程度的基因交流,导致不同地理群体间虽存在着较大的形态特征差异,但形态和遗传分化仍未能达到种群分化水平。综上,鉴于不同地理群体的多鳞四指马鲅在不同海域繁殖、索饵出现的时段差异,建议对这5个地理群体中的三门群体和舟山群体划为2个管理单元,如东群体和海门群体划为1个管理单元,珠海群体划为另1个独立的管理单元。针对5个地理群体按4个管理单元进一步制定特别管理政策,以期既保护渔业资源可持续发展又保障广大渔民的生计。     

蛹虫草原生质体的制备和再生研究

研究了不同渗透压稳定剂、酶的种类及浓度、温度、pH、β-巯基乙醇预处理等条件对蛹虫草原生质体制备的影响,以及不同培养基对原生质体再生的影响。结果显示蛹虫草菌株原生质体的最佳制备和再生条件为:0.7 mol/L氯化钠作为渗透压稳定剂,纤维素酶5 mg/dL、蜗牛酶5 mg/dL、溶菌酶5 mg/dL、溶壁酶10μL混合酶解6 h,酶解温度为30℃,最佳pH 5,再生培养基为PDA(添加0.7 mol/L氯化钠)。     

深圳市宝安区主要蔬菜生产基地土壤重金属污染调查及评价

对深圳市宝安区30个主要蔬菜生产基地的土壤进行重金属污染调查,选取Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Hg、Cd和As共7个指标,采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法对其土壤环境质量进行了评价。结果表明：30个样点土壤中,21个样点为1级土壤;5个样点为2级土壤;4个样点土壤受到轻度污染,为3级土壤。2级土壤和3级土壤由Pb、Hg、Cd和As造成的污染比重依次为56％、33％、22％和11％。30个监测点的土壤均没有受到Zn、Cu和Cr污染。