Relationship between zooplankton abundance and the early marine life history of juvenile chum salmon <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus keta</Emphasis> in eastern Hokkaido,Japan

Interannual variations in abundance, timing of outmigration from rivers, growth rate and condition of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were studied in the Nemuro Strait (eastern Hokkaido, Japan) during 1999–2002 to establish a possible relationship to zooplankton abundance. The otolith microstructure of juveniles was examined each year in late June to determine their time and size at sea entry (i.e., outmigration), and to estimate the early marine growth rates. Salmon outmigration peaked in mid- or late May, which coincided, in three of the four study years, with the peak release of juveniles into rivers within the study area. Abundance, growth rate and condition of fish were higher in 2001, when—compared to other years—smaller fish experienced higher growth rates, coinciding with greater zooplankton abundance for that year. Our results suggest that high zooplankton abundance positively influenced juvenile chum salmon growth and the condition of the fish during their early marine life despite their small size at sea entry.     

西北太平洋柔鱼渔情速报系统的开发

The neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartrami, is one of the most important jig fisheries in the northwest Pacific Ocean. In order to understand the movement of O. bartrami fishing-ground better and supply O. bartrami fishing-ground information for Chinese fishing boats in the northwest Pacific ocean, the fishing condition analysis and forecasting system of O. bartrami was developed successfully. The system was based on established comprehensive database, which included the catch data of O. bartrami (total yields, count of total fishing boats, fishing position etc. ) and oceanic environmental information (SST, SST gradient etc. ). Artificial intelligent technology about case-based reasoning was also combined with GIS component technology successfully in the system. The process and function of system establishment are composed of four parts: setting up of case database for central fishing-ground and its environmental factors, knowledge reasoning of fishery information, GIS visualization analyzing as well as trend forecasting of central fishing-ground and information production mapping. At last as an example of the results, an experimental central fishing-ground forecasting of O. bartrami from 9 to 15 in July 2002 in the northwest Pacific Ocean was given in the paper. The results showed that through three class similar searching forecasting central fishing-ground would move west, and indicating that forecasting of the system for O. bartrami central fishing-ground was correct by comparing to real fishing-ground from 16 to 22 in July 2002. Consequently, artificial intelligent expert system technology about case-based reasoning is a useful method for fishing condition and fishing-ground forecasting.     

First record of infection by Trypanosoma sp. of Colossoma macropomum (Serrasalmidae), a neotropical fish cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon

Fish farming has grown rapidly in Brazil over the last two decades, due in part to the availability of water and species with potential for cultivation, such as Colossoma macropomum. This farmed fish, however, can be affected by parasitic infections with high mortality rates (>35%). The main objective of the present study was to describe the first occurrence of the Trypanosoma species in Colossoma macropomum, which occurred in fish cultured in the Brazilian Amazon region, as well as to morphologically characterize the trypomastigotes and the impact of these hemoparasites on the body condition of the hosts. The trypanosomes found in the blood of Colossoma macropomum were morphologically characterized by the size of the trypomastigote form, indicating the presence of only one morphotype. Of the 39 hosts examined from one fish farming, 41.0% were infected by Trypanosoma sp., with low levels of infection (mean blood density of 3.7/μL). The condition factor of the asymptomatic hosts was not affected by hemoparasitism. There was no correlation between the abundance of Trypanosoma sp. and the condition factor and size of the hosts. Finally, our understanding of host-parasite interactions and the detection of emerging diseases are fundamental for aquaculture.     

桑树内生真菌Macrophomina phaseolina MOD-1产油脂培养基及摇瓶发酵条件的优化试验

从健康桑树根系中分离筛选得到一株内生产油脂真菌——菜豆壳球孢菌MOD-1(Macrophomina phaseolina,MOD-1)。结合均匀设计和单因子筛选法得到该菌株产油脂发酵培养基最优配方为:可溶性淀粉105 g/L,蛋白胨1.1 g/L,磷酸二氢钾1.5 g/L,硫酸铵0.3 g/L,硫酸镁0.32 g/L,氯化锰4.9 nmol/L。在此基础上优化该菌株产油脂的摇瓶发酵条件为:发酵液初始pH7.0,发酵温度26℃,摇瓶转速190 r/min,装液量100 mL。在优化后的培养基组分及摇瓶发酵条件下培养6 d,菌体生长量(干质量)高达41.852 g/L,油脂产量达到25.511 g/L。利用气相色谱-质谱法分别测定菌株在优化后的培养基或发酵条件下产生油脂的脂肪酸组成,前一种条件下检测出9种脂肪酸成分,其中单不饱和脂肪酸含量为67.92%;后一种条件下检测出7种脂肪酸成分,其中单不饱和脂肪酸含量为74.32%。结果表明,在优化培养基及摇瓶发酵条件下,MOD-1菌株的油脂产量增高,组成简单,易于纯化,且单不饱和脂肪酸含量较高。     

生态条件和种质因素对初烤烟叶次生代谢产物含量的影响

【目的】分析生态条件和种质因素对烤烟次生代谢产物含量的影响,为低危害烟叶生产提供理论依据。【方法】从贵州道真县、威宁县、盘县和天柱县采集K326、云烟87和贵烟1号3个烟草品种的C3F和B2F等级烟叶初烤样品,测定不同烟叶样本有机酸类、生物碱、多酚类、甾醇类物质等主要次生代谢产物含量,分析烤烟次生代谢产物含量的品种和地区差异性。【结果】同一地区3个品种(系)间的有机酸和生物碱含量差异不显著;道真县和盘县不同品种间烟叶多酚类物质含量、威宁县和盘县不同品种间烟叶甾醇类物质含量的差异均不显著;威宁县、天柱县不同品种间烟叶多酚类物质含量和道真县、天柱县不同品种间烟叶甾醇类物质含量的差异达显著或极显著水平。不同地区不同品种烟叶间的有机酸、生物碱、多酚和甾醇类物质含量差异明显,地区间烟叶主要次生代谢产物总含量的差别明显大于品种间。【结论】生态条件对烟叶次生代谢产物含量影响明显,种质因素对烟叶次生代谢产物含量影响较小。     

牛心朴子种子萌发特性及对干旱胁迫的响应

试验设置了不同温度、光照和PEG等梯度处理,以发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数等作为测定指标,筛选牛心朴子种子的最优发芽条件并确定种子对干旱胁迫的忍耐能力。结果表明:1)牛心朴子种子不存在休眠现象,最适的萌发恒温范围为20~30℃,且萌发的起始温度较低,为10℃。光照条件不是限制种子萌发的关键条件,但黑暗条件会影响种子的活力;2)低浓度(5%)的PEG对牛心朴子种子胚根的伸长有一定的促进作用,但对胚芽则表现为抑制作用;随着PEG浓度的增加,胚根/胚芽比值亦增大,而发芽率、相对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、种子萌发胁迫指数以及种子萌发抗旱指数则呈明显的下降趋势;3)牛心朴子种子对干旱胁迫具有一定的忍耐能力,在15%浓度的PEG溶液胁迫下,种子可正常萌发;4)牛心朴子种子发芽较快,在置床后的第3天便有超过70%的种子萌发,故推荐该种子萌发的初次计数时间为置种后的第3天,末次计数时间为第8天。     

基于双变量同化和交叉小波变换的冬小麦单产估测

为进一步提高陕西省关中平原冬小麦产量估测的精度,利用集合卡尔曼滤波算法(EnKF)将CERES-Wheat模型模拟的0～20 cm土壤含水率和叶面积指数(LAI)与遥感观测的条件植被温度指数(VTCI)和LAI进行同化,同时利用交叉小波变换分析冬小麦各生育时期同化VTCI和LAI与产量之间的共振周期,通过计算小波互相关度获得各生育时期同化VTCI和LAI的权重,进而构建基于加权VTCI和LAI的冬小麦单产估测模型。结果表明,在样点尺度,经过EnKF同化的VTCI和LAI能够综合表达模型模拟值和遥感观测值的变化趋势;在区域尺度,无论是否同化,经过交叉小波变换的各生育时期VTCI和LAI分别与产量之间存在特定的共振周期,同时发现,同化有助于对关键生育时期的特征提取;相较于未同化构建的估产模型,经过同化构建的估产模型的归一化均方根误差为13.23%,决定系数为0.50,平均相对误差为10.58%,精度略有提升,且估测产量的分布与统计产量的分布更为一致,因此认为将同化与交叉小波相结合构建的双变量单产估测模型精度更高,可为进一步实现高精度的区域产量估测提供研究基础。     

一株碱性脂肪酶产生菌的分离鉴定及其产酶条件

从富含油脂的土壤中分离到90余株产脂肪酶的菌株。其中一株酶活较高的菌株N24液体发酵酶活达到19．5u·mL^-1。经细胞形态学分析、Biolog生理生化分析和16SrDNA序列比较表明该菌为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）。对该菌株的液体发酵实验表明其最佳发酵培养基为：蛋白胨2．0％,可溶性淀粉3．0％,橄榄油1．0％,（NH4）2SO4 0．1％,MgSO4·7H2O 0．075％,K2HPO40．1％。该菌产生的脂肪酶最适反应温度为55踞,最适pH为9．0,属于碱性脂肪酶。该酶具有良好的热稳定性,在60℃处理60min酶活性基本保持不变。     

Bacillus velezensis 157混合固态发酵生产多种木质纤维素酶的发酵条件优化

为论证单一固态Bacillus velezensis 157发酵豆粕中混合碱处理玉米秸秆能否有利于提高内切葡聚糖酶、淀粉酶、木聚糖酶和果胶酶的产酶量,利用DNS法对碱处理玉米秸秆与豆粕混合添加质量比进行优化后,采用单因素法分别对单一发酵豆粕、碱处理玉米秸秆以及混合发酵碱处理玉米秸秆-豆粕中底物与水分质量比、发酵温度以及发酵时间进行优化,并对发酵过程中B.velezensis 157的生长曲线进行测定。结果表明:经发酵条件优化后,以碱处理玉米秸秆和豆粕的质量比为1.0∶1.0,底物与水分质量比为1.0∶0.5;B.velezensis 157于37℃培养温度下发酵24 h后,混合发酵组的内切葡聚糖酶、淀粉酶、木聚糖酶、果胶酶以及菌落数,均高于单一发酵碱处理玉米秸秆组和豆粕组,酶活力分别可达56.83±1.47、1 949.28±14.41、16.52±0.79和14.53±0.56 U/g,相应酶活力与碱处理玉米秸秆组相比,分别提高了7.81、6.41、1.23和2.53倍;与豆粕组相比,分别提高了1.17、1.35、1.07和1.21倍;同时,混合发酵组中B.velezensis 157菌落数高于豆粕组和碱处理秸秆组。因此,B.velezensis 157混合固态发酵有利于提高B.velezensis 157内切葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、淀粉酶和果胶酶的酶产量,节约了时间和成本,为动物饲料酶制剂和生物饲料的开发提供依据。     

白僵菌菌株退化与培养条件关系及其控制技术

通过对 1 0个菌株在 5种培养基上继代培养情况检测 ,探讨了不同培养基对菌种稳定性、产孢量和毒力的影响 ,结果显示 ,菌落局变的分离株多表现为菌落生长速率增加 ,产孢能力下降 ,对寄主害虫毒力降低趋势 .经过比较 ,以营养贫乏的 PDA培养基培养容易产生变异 ,以含虫尸、蛋白胨加 PDA培养基 (CPPDA)培养最为稳定 ,表明氮源是影响变异的主要因子 ,但菌株变异主要决定于本身的遗传物质 ;并提出了控制菌种退化的有效措施