Urban land-use impacts on composition and spatiotemporal variations in abundance and biomass of earthworm community

Soil fauna can sensitively respond to alterations in soil environment induced by land-use changes.However,little is known about the impact of urban land-use changes on earthworm communities.In this study,three land-use types(i.e.,forest,nursery and abandoned lands)were chosen to identify differences in diversity,abundance and biomass of earthworm community in Kunming City.Urban land-use had a pronounced difference in species composition,evenness and diversity of earthworm communities.Forest land had the highest density,biomass and diversity of the earthworm communities.Total abundance was dominated by endogeic species in nursery land(70%)and abandoned land(80%),whereas in the forest land,the earthworm community comprised epigeic,endogeic and anecic species.Temporal changes in earthworm density and biomass were also significantly affected by land-use change.Total density and biomass of earthworms in the forest and nursery lands were highest in September,but highest in the abandoned land in October.The influence of soil physicochemical properties on the earthworm density and biomass also varied with land-use types.Soil temperature significantly affected earthworm density and biomass in the three land-use types.Soil pH was positively correlated with earthworm biomass in the forest land,but negatively associated with earthworm density in the abandoned land.Soil organic matter was positively correlated only with density and biomass of earthworms in the nursery and abandoned lands.Our results suggest that the species composition,abundance and biomass of earthworm communities can be determined by the modification of soil properties associated with urban land-use type.     

井冈山自然保护区森林资源变化分析

以井冈山林相图为基础图形资料,根据1999年的二类清查资料建立数据库,建立森林资源地理信息系统,论述了森林资源的分布特征;统计了各种森林类型的面积;实现了资源现状的可视化以及森林类型自动查询和检索;并输出专题图.关于森林资源变化动态分析得出:从1988年至1999年井冈山自然保护区的森林覆盖率从73.1%增长到85%:有林地比例从77.80%增加到88.38%,1988年、1995年、1999年单位面积的蓄积量分别为65.25m3/hm2、96.15m3/hm2、105.50m3/hm2,蓄积显著增加后趋于稳定.1995年和1999年保护区总生物量分别为6 160 986.70t和6 245 181.834t,碳储量密度分别为86.82t/hm2和90.93t/bm2,平均增长1.83t/hm2·a,碳汇作用明显.     

3种圭亚那柱花草根系分泌物对杂草幼苗生长的影响

为明确3种圭亚那柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis Sw.)(‘热研2号’、‘热研5号’和热研21号)的根系分泌物对杂草生长的化感效应,采用营养液培法分别收集其根系分泌物,研究其对5种外来入侵杂草幼苗形态特征及生物量分配的影响。结果表明,除对含羞草(Mimosa pudica L.)幼苗无显著影响外,3种圭亚那柱花草对其余4种杂草的总化感综合效应均为抑制作用。‘热研5号’柱花草对杂草幼苗生长的化感抑制效应强于其他二者,对蒺藜草(Cenchrus echinatus L.)幼苗的根长、株高、地下生物量、地上生物量、总生物量和根冠比均有显著抑制效应(P<0.05),对羽芒菊(Tridax procumbens L.)幼苗的侧根数、地下生物量和根冠比有显著抑制效应(P<0.05),也显著抑制假臭草(Eupatorium catarium V.)幼苗的生物量向地下分配(P<0.05),仅对鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)幼苗的抑制效应相对较弱。灰色关联分析表明,进行圭亚那柱花草的化感效应研究中应重点关注总生物量、地上生物量和株高。由此推测,3种圭...     

接种菌根真菌与施磷对豆禾混播体系生物量及竞争力的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)是陆地生态系统中一类重要的土壤微生物,能与约80%的陆地植物形成互利共生关系。本研究通过构建紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)单播、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)单播、紫花苜蓿与无芒雀麦(1∶1)混播组合,设置接种AMF和磷添加处理,探讨土壤有效磷水平与AMF互作对紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦混播体系地上生物量及竞争力的影响。结果表明：与不接种AMF处理相比,接种AMF处理下紫花苜蓿单播体系地上生物量提高17.59%,无芒雀麦单播和混播地上生物量分别降低10.23%和10.26%。施磷处理下,接种AMF对单播和混播地上生物量无显著影响。混播体系中无芒雀麦的地上竞争率大于紫花苜蓿,接种AMF对紫花苜蓿地上竞争率无显著影响,使无芒雀麦地上竞争率降低56.41%。接种AMF使混播体系中紫花苜蓿地上磷吸收量提高66.12%,对无芒雀麦地上磷吸收量无显著影响,缓解了无芒雀麦对紫花苜蓿的竞争排除作用。综上所述,紫花苜蓿与无芒雀麦构建的(1∶1)混播体系中AMF能有效抑制禾草无芒雀麦的地上竞争力,利于豆禾混播体...     

高寒草甸不同黄帚橐吾密度斑块的植物群落结构特征

为了解黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)斑块植物群落维持和演替过程,本研究以不同密度黄帚橐吾微斑块为研究对象,根据密度等级设置6个斑块梯度(D0,D1,D2,D3,D4和D5),分析不同斑块草地群落结构及生产力的变化特征。结果表明：随着黄帚橐吾密度的增加,禾本科和莎草科重要值明显降低,黄帚橐吾逐渐成为建群种;物种多样性指数呈先增加后降低趋势,且在D1～D2之间香农维纳指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均为最高值;去除黄帚橐吾后的总地上生物量表现为D1显著高于D5(P<0.05),禾本科、莎草科和豆科植物的地上生物量为D4最高,杂类草生物量为D1显著高于D3～D5(P<0.05);总地下生物量和0～10 cm土层的地下生物量变化趋势一致,为D1显著高于D4(P<0.05),10～20 cm土层的地下生物量随密度的增大呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。因此,当黄帚橐吾的密度介于D1～D2时,对草地稳定性的维持具有积极作用。     

0#柴油和原油的水溶性成分对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长的影响

采用室内培养方法,研究了不同浓度0#柴油和原油的水溶性成分(Water accommodated fraction,WAF)对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生长影响及其差异.结果显示,低浓度的0#柴油WAF(0.30、0.10 mg/L)和原油WAF(1.17、0.58 mg/L)能够促进小球藻的生长,且0#柴油WAF的0.10 mg/L实验组和原油WAF的0.58 mg/L实验组在96h时,小球藻细胞密度显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);而高浓度的0#柴油WAF(8.10、2.70、0.90 mg/L)和原油WAF(9.36、4.68、2.34 mg/L)会抑制小球藻的生长.0#柴油和原油WAF对小球藻的96 h-EC50分别为3.34、6.54 mg/L,NOEC分别为0.30、1.71 mg/L,LOEC分别为0.90、2.34 mg/L.0#柴油WAF的毒性高于原油WAF,0#柴油和原油水溶性成分的组分差异是影响二者毒性强弱的主要因素.     

Cost structure of and competition for forest-based biomass

Abstract

Biomass has become a popular alternative to satisfy expanding energy demand and as a substitute for fossil fuels and phased-out nuclear energy in Europe. The European Union White Paper stipulates that the utilization of biomass shall increase to 1566 TWh by 2010. However it is often overlooked that the forest resources are already, to a large extent, used by the forest industries. When promoting biomass for energy generation the consequences for the forest industries also need to be considered. Sweden is an excellent case study, as there are vast quantities of forest resources, nuclear power is starting to be phased out, there are restrictions on expanding hydropower and the political desire exists to “set an example” with respect to carbon dioxide emissions. This paper attempts to estimate and analyse the supply of two types of forest resource, namely, roundwood and harvesting residues derived from final harvesting and commercial thinnings. Two separate supply curves are estimated: one for roundwood and one for harvesting residues. The cost structure is based on an economic-engineering approach where the separate cost components are constructed from the lowest cost element into aggregates for labour, capital, materials and overhead costs for each forest resource. The results indicate an unutilized economic supply of 12 TWh of harvesting residues in Sweden. However, after these 12 TWh have been recovered it becomes more profitable to use roundwood for energy purposes than to continue extracting further amounts of harvesting residues.     

Basic handling characteristics of wood fuels: Angle of repose,friction against surfaces and tendency to bridge for different assortments

Basic handling characteristics were measured for sawdust, fuel pellets, fuel chips, hog fuel and chunkwood. The aim was to find relations between the basic handling characteristics and easily measurable fuel properties to facilitate the design of feeding systems in heating plants. The angle of repose was 25–55° and increased with the increasing ratio of particle length to thickness and with the increasing content of hooked or long particles. The angle of static friction, 10–40°, was affected more by the kind of surface than the fuel and followed the ascending order: coated plywood, urethane rubber, particle board, stainless steel, concrete and rubber belt conveyor. The tendency to bridge varied considerably and increased with greater content of hooked or long particles, a deeper fuel bed depth over the opening and a higher moisture content. The results indicate that more attention should be paid to the particle shape.     

Fuel consumption as indicator of the economics in mechanization

After a brief discussion of production functions as models for input/output relations in forest work operations, studies of the cost of machine use are reviewed. It is suggested that the fuel consumption of a forest machine can be used as a parameter for assessing the true, total cost of using a machine, exclusively the wage of the operator. Fuel then is not only an input but also represents all other cost items such as capital (depreciation, interest), repairs and maintenance. This has the advantage that all machines in a system can be aggregated and their costs assessed by an easily quantified parameter. Capital (in the form of machines) in production functions, through which the optimum mix of labour and machines for minimizing the cost per unit of production is determined, can be substituted by fuel. It is also suggested that fuel consumption can be used in management as an aggregate indicator in planning, control, remuneration of work and forecasting.     

火生态因子对草原的效应及有计划用火的研究

火烧可以提高禾草类的生物量25—30%,可以快速地(当年)大幅度提高羊草种群的生物量达100%以上。火烧提高羊草的抽穗率,促进草群更新复壮。火烧可以有效地抑制针茅种群的增长,并改变群落中的种群分布格局,促进羊草种群形成均匀分布格局,扩大羊草种群在群落中的生态位。火烧对草原的总生产力不发生负效应,一次火烧的正效应可持续2—3年。基于以上的结果,我们认为锡林郭勒草原区中,东部含有羊草的草原群落,可在春季四月下旬进行火烧,将会取得良好的效果。