白腐真菌降解生物质秸秆效果的研究

[目的]探讨不同发酵时间白腐真菌对玉米和油菜秸秆的降解效果。[方法]设置6个时间点（0、20、25、30、35和40 d）,测定油菜和玉米秸秆的木质素含量和降解率变化。[结果]随着发酵时间的延长,玉米和油菜秸秆的木质素降解率均呈下降—上升—再下降的趋势。在发酵培养20 d时,油菜秸秆的木质素降解率达到最大,为58.07%;在发酵培养35 d时,玉米秸秆的木质素降解率达到最大,为33.62%。[结论]白腐真菌对玉米和油菜秸秆的降解效果显著,其中对油菜秸秆的降解效果尤为突出。     

Forest utilization patterns and socio-economic status of the Van Gujjar tribe in sub-Himalayan tracts of Uttarakhand, India

The present study was conducted on the Van Gujjar tribe inhabiting a sub-Himalayan tract in the North Western Himalayas of Uttarakhand State,India.The Van Gujjars have been practicing transmigration over hundreds of years.They migrate each year with their households and livestock between summer and winter pastures.A few years ago with the announcement of the establishment of the Rajaji National Park,the tribe has been forced out of the forest area and rehabilitated outside the park,which has affected their lifestyle.The newly established rehabilitation colony in the Gandikhata area of Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State was taken as a case study.The aims of the present study were to understand and evaluate the socio-economic status of the Van Gujjars in their newly established rehabilitation colony,the utilization pattern of forest resources by the tribe and their relative preference for selective trees for various uses.A total of 176 households were interviewed (giving equal weight to all economic classes and family every size) by using pre-structured questionnaires.The education level was very low (12.9%) and the average income per household was recorded as Rs.36000 (approximately $ 803) per year.The major source of income was dairy production (80.6%) followed by labor employment (13.9%),NTFPs (4.2%) and agricultural production (1.4%).More than 90% of fuel wood and fodder is extracted from the forest.The average fuel wood and fodder consumptions per household per day were recorded as 25.86 and 21.58 kg,respectively.A total of 35 species of cultivated plants and 89 species of wild plants were found to be utilized as food sources.Selectively 25 wild tree species are well known as being used by the Van Gujjars as fodder,fuel wood,agricultural implements,household articles,dye,medicine,fiber and other products.According to their utility value,the most preferred and useful tree species is Ougeinia oojeinensis,followed by Terminalia alata,Bombax ceiba,Shorea robusta and Dalbergia sissoo.     

The severity of smouldering peat fires and damage to the forest soil

Smouldering wildfires propagate slowly through surface and subsurface organic layers of the forest ground and severely affect the soil, producing physical, chemical and biological changes. These effects are caused by the prolonged heating and the large loss of soil mass but are poorly documented in the literature. A series of smouldering experiments with boreal peat have been conducted under laboratory conditions to quantify these effects using small-scale samples. Peat samples of 100 mm by 100 mm in cross section and 50 mm in depth of different moisture were exposed to an external ignition source. Thermocouples placed throughout the sample bed measured the temperature evolution and tracked the peat ignition, intensity and spread of the smouldering front. The results show that moisture content controls peat ignition and that moisture below 125 ± 10% (in dry base) are required. The severity of the smouldering peat on the soil has been quantified in terms of temperature vs. residence time curves and mass loss. The measurements show temperatures in excess of 300 °C for residence times of 1 h leading to sterilization of the soil and mass loss in burnt layers above 90%.     

基于SLMD的生物质热解动力学预测模型

采用单纯形格子混合设计法(SLMD)对纤维素、半纤维素和木质素3种生物质组分进行复配优化设计,并在综合热分析仪上进行了热解试验。分析了3组分混合热解特性,建立了由生物质3组分比例直接计算动力学参数的预测模型,对模型进行了试验验证。结果表明:纤维素热解反应级数较低(1.20),活化能较高(134.50 k J/mol),指前因子较大(3.49×1012s-1),热解较为迅速与剧烈;半纤维素和木质素热解的反应级数较高(1.30、1.32),活化能较低(33.51、19.98 k J/mol),指前因子较小(9.43×103、107 s-1),热解较为缓慢;3组分在混合热解中对动力学参数存在交互影响,纤维素对活化能和指前因子的影响较为显著,而半纤维素与木质素对反应级数的影响较大;动力学参数预测模型精度较高,可有效预测生物质热解动力学参数。     

北京八达岭人工油松林地表枯死可燃物负荷量研究

地表枯死可燃物负荷量多少是森林火灾发生的基础。调查八达岭林场不同地形条件下油松林地表枯死可燃物和林分因子,取得42块样地资料;用线性相关分析法对各因子与地表枯死可燃物负荷量进行分析,平均树高、坡度和海拔与对应负荷量有显著线性关系;应用多元线性回归中的逐步回归剔除法,建立了估测模型,除平均胸径外,平均树高、密度、郁闭度、海拔、坡度被引入,经检验回归显著,该估测模型可用于其它油松林地表可燃物负荷量估测。     

河蟹开口饵料———单胞藻的定向培育试验

试验在沿海混盐水池塘中施入不同品种和不同比例的肥料(有机肥和无机肥)，研究施肥对浮游植物种群增长的影响，并分析了在混盐水池塘中影响施肥效果的几种可能因素。试验结果表明：在混盐水中施肥可以达到定向培育浮游植物的目的，浮游植物的生物量在施肥后4～5d进入指数增长期，7～8d达到高峰期。单施氮肥和施氮磷混合肥对生物量并没有太大影响，最高生物量可达280mg／L以上，同时种类趋于单一化，完全可以满足河蟹育苗生产中河蟹幼体对开口饵料的需要。     

沙地植物功能群及其多样性对微地形变化的响应

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟中国科学院生态系统定位站长期围封的沙地样地为研究对象,通过测定植物群落的生物量、盖度、密度和株高等相关指标,探讨群落的物种组成、生物多样性等对沙地微地形变化的响应情况,以阐明沙地微地形对植被的影响机理.结果表明:沙地微地形对生物量、生活型、功能群及生物多样性均有影响.其中,总生物量顺序为:阴坡 > 坡底 > 阳坡 > 坡顶;植物多样性指数坡底显著低于阴坡、阳坡和坡顶(P < 0.05),而阴坡、阳坡和坡顶三者之间无显著差异;丰富度指数和均匀度指数阴坡、阳坡和坡顶显著高于坡底,阴坡、阳坡和坡顶三者之间差异不显著;坡底以多年生杂类草占优,阴坡以灌木、半灌木及多年生禾草为主,阳坡以灌木、半灌木、多年生禾草及一、二年生植物为主,坡顶以多年生禾草和一、二年生草本植物为主.     

外源 Ca^2 ＋对干旱胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗抗旱性及生物量的影响

[目的]为了了解外源Ca^2＋对干旱下矮牵牛幼苗生长的影响。[方法]采用盆栽控水的方法,研究了在干旱胁迫和复水条件下,施用不同浓度CaCl2对矮牵牛幼苗抗旱性和生物量的影响。[结果]随着干旱胁迫的加深和时间的延长,施加CaCl2均能显著降低矮牵牛的旱害指数,增加矮牵牛幼苗的干物质积累量和干物质根冠比,减小干旱胁迫对矮牵牛造成的伤害;复水处理后,施加CaCl2的各处理旱害指数均显著低于对照,干物质积累量和干物质根冠比均显著高于对照。[结论]在干旱胁迫过程中,施用CaCl2能增加矮牵牛幼苗的干物质积累量和干物质根冠比,并减小干旱胁迫对矮牵牛造成的伤害,其中以40mmol／LCaCl2对矮牵牛效果最好。     

森林植被碳贮量估算及分析

文章基于岳阳市2009年森林资源统计数据,对全市森林植被类型的生物量、碳贮量和碳密度进行初步估算。结果表明:岳阳市森林植被碳贮量为9.238Tg,其中,平江县的森林植被C贮量最大,为3.606Tg,占总C贮量的39.03%。各森林类型的C贮量来看,松木林的C贮量最大,为2.754Tg,占总C贮量的29.81%。岳阳市森林植被平均C密度为16.02t.hm-2,各县市区森林植被的C密度为13.39~27.10t.hm-2,森林植被平均C密度最大是云溪区,为29.02t.hm-2,各森林类型中阔叶树的C密度最大,为27.24t.hm-2,是全市森林植被平均C密度的近2倍。       

流量可调燃气发生器压力闭环模糊控制算法

为了改进流量可调燃气发生器的调节精度,引入燃气发生器压力闭环控制,针对流量可调燃气发生器压力闭环控制特点,在压力闭环中引入了模糊积分控制,此控制算法响应速度快,超调量较小,不同工况及长时间工作下系统仍然有较好的动态特性。 