CO2与氮肥交互作用的番茄光合速率预测模型

为了实现CO2气肥和营养液氮肥含量的准确调控,建立了作物整个生长周期的光合速率预测模型。以番茄为实验对象,设置了3个CO2浓度和3个营养液含氮量的交互处理实验,使用LI-6400型便携式光合速率仪采集叶室内的环境信息和单叶净光合速率。利用多元线性回归方法建立了番茄整个生长周期的光合速率预测模型,模型的相关系数为0.885,调整后的决定系数为0.782。实验结果表明,该模型具有较高预测精度,可为温室CO2气肥浓度和营养液氮肥含量的调控提供理论依据。     

生草栽培对南方鲜食枣生长及光合特性的影响

【目的】筛选适宜南方鲜食枣园生草栽培的草种。【方法】以白三叶、多年生黑麦草、1年生黑麦草为试材,采用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪测定枣树的光合指标,研究不同生草栽培处理对鲜食枣的生长及光合作用的影响。【结果】3个草种生草栽培处理均可促进鲜食枣的生长,其中白三叶生草栽培处理中鲜食枣的株高增幅、地径增幅、枣吊长度、SPAD值分别比对照高出30.94%、9.83%、11.58%、26.39%,优于其他处理。不同生草栽培处理中,鲜食枣的光合能力差异显著,其中白三叶生草栽培处理的最大光合速率为16.83 μmol/(m^2·s),显著高于其他处理,而光补偿点和暗呼吸速率分别为11.62、3.36 μmol/(m^2·s),显著低于其他处理。鲜食枣的净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在11:00和17:00,白三叶生草栽培处理11:00的净光合速率最高,为18.79 μmol/(m^2·s)。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化趋势与净光合速率一致,而胞间CO_2浓度呈早晚高、中午低的不规则"V"形曲线变化,在13:00降到最低值,之后又逐渐回升。按照净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化均值由高到低排序,依次均为白三叶生草栽培处理、多年生黑麦草生草栽培处理、1年生黑麦草生草栽培处理、对照。【结论】综合各处理对鲜食枣主要生长指标和光合指标的影响,白三叶生草栽培处理下,鲜食枣可充分利用光合有效辐射和CO_2,提高净光合速率,进而促进树体生长。     

Phenotypic plasticity of two invasive alien plant species inside a deciduous forest in a strict nature reserve in Italy

ABSTRACT

Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) represent one of the main biological threats to biodiversity worldwide. Information about their phenotypic plasticity are needed to increase awareness about their future invasive potential. A study about phenotypic plasticity in response to contrasting light regimes and its quantification by a plasticity index (PI) of two IAPs (Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia) inside a Strict Nature Reserve was conducted. R. pseudoacacia showed a 70% higher PI, with a strongly greater value at morphological leaf level, associated with a greater ability to survive and grow in forest understory, explaining its greater widespread. Otherwise, A. altissima showed its highest PI at physiological level, which was associated with the ability to colonize and grow in environments with high-light regimes. Based on these results, the conservative management has limited the presence of A. altissima by its lower ability to grow in forest understory. In fact, the small-scale gaps in the forest infrastructure, that could allow its recruitment, are originated only from the death of a single tree or small group of trees. Regarding R. pseudoacacia, it is critical to maintain this type of management because any disturbances resulting in large openings could further promote its presence inside the Reserve.     

里山倡议及其在我国台湾地区的实践应用

“里山倡议”是透过农业生物多样性的保育,平衡生态环境、生产和生活文化,利用自然资源和传统文化知识,确保社会—生态生产地景的永续利用,建立人与自然的良性互动。文中以台湾地区林务局推动里山倡议概念中的“林下经济永续经营可行性之研究”为基础,梳理里山倡议在社会—生态生产地景的运作内容及框架;在实践过程中强调传统知识和现代技术的融合,对山林地景的保护、恢复及营造,借由城乡交流和互惠,以地景为尺度、社区为主体,透过培力(充权)社区参与自然资源经营,构建生态与生计共存的永续经营模式;总结台湾社区里山倡议的发展过程,跨地域整合及促进生态福祉的整体策略架构。     

软枣猕猴桃组织培养快繁体系的建立

以黑龙江省采集的软枣猕猴桃野生驯化品系雌株4021、雄株4023为实验材料,研究适宜的腋芽萌发、丛生芽增殖、继代时间以及生根的培养基,并探讨了适宜的移栽条件,以期建立猕猴桃组织培养快繁体系,可加快野生优良种质的驯化、选育及用于种质资源保存。试验结果表明:软枣猕猴桃生长培养基采用1~2 mg/L 6-BA+0.1~0.5 mg/L IAA+30 g/L蔗糖+7 g/L琼脂;增殖培养基采用0.5~1 mg/L 6-BA+0.5~1 mg/L ZT+30 g/L蔗糖+7 g/L琼脂,40 d继代一次;生根培养基采用1/2MS+0.2~0.5 mg/L IBA+30 g/L蔗糖+7 g/L琼脂。软枣猕猴桃组培苗高度不超过1.5 cm、根系小于0.5 cm时移栽;移栽后遮光率不高于60%,空气湿度不低于40%,环境温度不低于15℃、不高于30℃,移栽成活率可达到93%。     

Specific ion effect of H+ on variably charged soil colloid aggregation

Specific ion effects (Hofmeister effects) have recently attracted the attention of soil scientists, and it has been found that ionic non-classic polarization plays an important role in the specific ion effect in soil. However, this explanation cannot be applied to H⁺. The aim of this work was to characterize the specific ion effect of H⁺ on variably charged soil (yellow soil) colloid aggregation. The total average aggregation (TAA) rate, critical coagulation concentration (CCC), activation energy, and zeta potential were used to characterize and compare the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺. Results showed that strong specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ existed in variably charged soil colloid aggregation. The TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy were sensitive to H⁺, and the addition of a small amount of H⁺ changed the TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy markedly. The zeta potential results indicated that the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on soil colloid aggregation were caused by the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on the soil electric field strength. In addition, the origin of the specific ion effect for H⁺ was its chemical adsorption onto surfaces, while those for alkali cations were non-classic polarization. This study indicated that H⁺, which occurs naturally in variably charged soils, will dominate variably charged soil colloid aggregation.     

Intensive organic vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated management

Intensive vegetable production in greenhouses has rapidly expanded in China since the 1990s and increased to 1.3 million ha of farmland by 2016, which is the highest in the world. We conducted an 11‐year greenhouse vegetable production experiment from 2002 to 2013 to observe soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under three management systems, i.e., conventional (CON), integrated (ING), and intensive organic (ORG) farming. Soil samples (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) were collected in 2002 and 2013 and separated into four particle‐size fractions, i.e., coarse sand (> 250 µm), fine sand (250–53 µm), silt (53–2 µm), and clay (< 2 µm). The SOC contents and δ¹³C values of the whole soil and the four particle‐size fractions were analyzed. After 11 years of vegetable farming, ORG and ING significantly increased SOC stocks (0–20 cm) by 4008 ± 36.6 and 2880 ± 365 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, 8.1‐ and 5.8‐times that of CON (494 ± 42.6 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). The SOC stock increase in ORG at 20–40 cm depth was 245 ± 66.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, significantly higher than in ING (66 ± 13.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1) and CON (109 ± 44.8 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). Analyses of ¹³C revealed a significant increase in newly produced SOC in both soil layers in ORG. However, the carbon conversion efficiency (CE: increased organic carbon in soil divided by organic carbon input) was lower in ORG (14.4%–21.7%) than in ING (18.2%–27.4%). Among the four particle‐sizes in the 0–20 cm layer, the silt fraction exhibited the largest proportion of increase in SOC content (57.8% and 55.4% of the SOC increase in ORG and ING, respectively). A similar trend was detected in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Over all, intensive organic (ORG) vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated (ING) management.     

安徽省作物养分供需分析及化肥减施潜力研究

有机-无机相结合的农田养分管理模式是现阶段中国发展绿色农业的必由之路,因而开展有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的比较研究对促进养分资源的合理分配和施用具有重要的参考价值。本文采用文献调查和统计分析的方法,评估了安徽省16市2010—2016年主要有机肥(包括秸秆、粪便、绿肥和饼肥)的养分资源,明晰了安徽省农业生产中有机、无机养分投入现状,并根据农业种植结构开展了有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的差异和关系研究,最后探索了安徽省的化肥减施潜力。结果表明:安徽省2010—2016年平均有机肥养分资源为287.70万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为104.49万t、39.60万t和143.61万t,可基本满足作物的养分需求;但有机肥的当季利用率低,N、P_2O_5和K_2O的当季利用率分别为21.44%、19.91%和52.61%,有机肥N、P_2O_5和K_2O实际还田量仅占作物养分需求的20.74%、25.38%和63.61%,占农田养分总投入的比重分别为11.87%、10.27%和51.35%。全省N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分实际投入量(包括有机肥和化肥)是作物养分需求的1.75倍、2.47倍和1.24倍,有7个市的N和13个市的P_2O_5养分施用量超过作物需求的2倍,存在较高的环境污染风险。通过控制农业总养分输入,安徽省的化肥减施潜力为35.12%,N、P_2O和K_2O的减施潜力分别为21.28%、23.97%和78.61%。提高有机肥的当季利用率和发展冬季绿肥资源可进一步促进化肥减施。本研究可为安徽省化肥零增长和农牧业的绿色可持续发展提供数据参考。     

禾本科牧草K~+/Na~+与其耐盐性的关系

耐盐牧草有选择性吸收Ｋ＋的能力,通过比较在相同盐份中生长的不同牧草种的叶片Ｋ＋／Ｎａ＋,可鉴定出种间耐盐性,Ｋ＋／Ｎａ＋值大的材料耐盐性强。