Proportionality principle revisited – relationship between application rates and pesticide residue concentrations in food commodities

BACKGROUND

The proportionality principle has been broadly used for over 10 years in regulatory assessments of pesticide residues. It allows extrapolation of supervised field trial data conducted at lower or higher application rates compared to the use pattern under evaluation by adjustment of measured concentrations, assuming direct proportionality between the rates applied and the resulting residues. This work revisits the principle idea by using supervised residue trials sets conducted under identical conditions but with deviating application rates. Four different statistical methods were used to investigate the relationship between application rates and residue concentrations and to draw conclusions on the statistical significance of the direct proportionality assumed.

RESULTS

Based on over 5000 individual trial results, the assumption of direct proportionality was not confirmed to be statistically significant (P > 0.05) using three models: direct comparison of application rates and residue concentrations ratios and two linear log-log regression models correlating application rate and residue concentration or only residue concentrations per se. In addition, a fourth model analysed deviations between expected concentrations following direct proportional adjustment and measured residue values from corresponding field trials. In 56% of all cases, the deviation was larger than ±25%, which represents the tolerance usually accepted for the selection of supervised field trials in regulatory assessments.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the assumption of direct proportionality between application rates and resulting residue concentrations of pesticides was not statistically significant. Although the proportionality approach is highly pragmatic in regulatory practice, its use should be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Analysis on the Claims Caused by the Defect of Contract

The engineering contract is composed of many documents between client and contractor, such as agreement, notification of award, tender and appendix to bid, conditions for particular application, instruction to bidders, technical specifications, design drawings and bill of quantities etc. Because of the limited time and money to prepare these documents, the defect is unavoidable. The defects include omittance, equivocalness, conflict and mistake. These defects often lead to claims.     

Energy Assessement for Procedure Rationality of Recycling Materials from Wastes

The mathematical relationship for assessing total energy consumption within a material life cycle is presented in this paper. According to the relationship,the procedure rationality of recycling waste may be assessed quantitatively.     

探讨集中式排种器的排种机理及其发展

目前传统排种器多属于“一器单行”型式。机械式对种子尺寸要求严格、破碎率高;气力式能耗大、结构复杂、使用要求高。而集中式排种器(或系统)是对“一器单行”技术的突破,满足精密播种的要求。主要论述了国内外集中式排种器的工作原理、发展概况及其存在的问题。     

农机企业内部会计控制初探

阐述了建立农机企业内部会计制度的指导思想和应遵循的适应性原则、针对性原则、实用性原则、科学化原则，指出了现阶段农机企业内部会计控制的存在问题．提出了建立内部会计控制的领导班子，建立和完善农机企业内部会计控制制度，充分发挥内部审计、社会中介机构和政府监管部门的监督作用，建立相互制约机制防范操作风险，加快会计电算化普及步伐确保会计信息真实．建立内部会计控制制度的考评体系，坚持以人为本推进内部会计控制制度的创新的措施及建议。     

温室地下贮热系统设计研究

为了降低温室环境调控能耗。根据育苗不同阶段对气温与土壤温度的要求，设计了温室地下贮热系统，并阐述了系统的组成和贮热原理；同时，分析了各设计参数对系统贮热性能的影响。这样不仅为系统设计与理论分析奠定了基础，对其它类似地下贮热系统的设计、研究也具有参考意义。     

调速器主配中位自动诊断及智能纠偏技术研究与应用

液压随动系统主配电气中位未整定准确和温漂作用是调速器系统出现主配频繁调节的主要原因之一。技术人员对调速器液压随动系统进行深入的理论研究,提出了静态平衡理论和主配中位纠偏原理,探索出了主配电气中位自适应方法,进而通过调速器电气控制系统自适应控制功能软件开发,实现了主配电气中位自动诊断及智能纠偏功能,并通过真机测试验证其功能效果,完美解决了液压随动系统主配电气中位未整定准确或由于温漂作用导致的调速器系统主配频繁调节问题,保证了机组和电网安全稳定运行。     

实现农机技术培训的现实途径

提出了与时俱进、因事而立、以人为本的农机技术培训适应性原则，以及认真调查、制定规划、编好教材、选好基地、搞好“四结合”、静态培训与动态培训相结合、“长线”与“短线”相结合的新形势农机技术培训的现实途径。     

永寿县沙棘人工林生长规律初探

本文对永寿县沙棘良种选育基地试验区人工沙棘林单株树高、 30 cm处直径进行了系统的研究 ,结果表明 :1.沙棘 30 cm处直径和树高的速生期一般都出现在第 2～ 5年 ,连年生长量高峰期出现在 3～ 4年之间 ,平均生长量的最大值出现在第 4～ 5年之间。 2 .分别对沙棘树高、 30 cm处直径与树龄进行回归分析 ,得出了沙棘树高、30 cm处直径的生长模型和树冠的生长模型 :D0 .3 0 =10 ( 0 .8774- 1.92 0 1/A) 、H =- 0 .2 784 + 0 .6 2 89A- 0 .0 30 9A2、Cw=1.6 43× 10 0 .2 2 9- 0 .5 3 89/A。     

柴油发动机烧瓦抱轴的原因及预防措施

主要介绍了柴油机烧瓦时的现象及其烧损机理,分析了引发烧瓦抱轴的原因,主要是由于轴颈与轴瓦的装配间隙调整不当;发动机在使用中机油变质或短缺;没有合理正常形成油膜间隙;使得曲轴与轴瓦之间因缺少机油润滑而咬死,并就此问题提出了预防措施,可供借鉴.