Vibrio harveyi (VirB11) recombinant vaccine development against vibriosis in orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

Despite significant improvements in aquaculture to compensate wild catch, disease organisms have thrived in limiting its national and global potential. Using antibiotics, in a bid to remedy the havoc, has given rise to complications, attracting attention to disease prevention by immune enhancement against diseases. Grouper production has been inhibited for the threats of bacterial infection, particularly of Vibrio origin. Considering the rise in vibriosis cases, improved vaccines are necessary; moreover, recombinant vaccines, the choice for trial in the present experiment have been effective and more specific in improving immunity. The current work deals with grouper immune system enhancement with a recombinant vaccine developed from VirB11 gene in Vibrio harveyi. VirB11 was cloned in V. harveyi for recombinant vaccine development against vibriosis in orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). As indicated by the results, recombinant VirB11 protein showed effectiveness in conferring protection against vibriosis with observable specific antibody response in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis; a significant increase (p < 0.05) in antibody levels was observed after a week and after 8 weeks post‐vaccination. From the weeks post‐vaccination, log2 (antibody titres) in the sera of vaccinated groups reached a peak of 14.2 at week 5 in the vaccinated group in comparison with a peak of approximately 5 and 2 in adjuvant and PBS controls. As indicated by the challenge results, 90% relative survival was observed in vaccinated group and 13% relative survival in control group I (adjuvant control). The cumulative performance of protein concludes VirB11 commendable for recombinant vaccine development.     

Performance of a closed recirculating system with foam separation, nitrification and denitrification units for intensive culture of eel: towards zero emission

The development of a closed recirculating aquaculture system that does not discharge effluents would reduce a large amount of pollutant load on aquatic bodies. In this study, eel were reared in a closed recirculating system, which consisted of a rearing tank, a foam separation unit, a nitrification unit and a denitrification unit. The foam separation unit has an inhalation-type aerator and supplies air bubbles to the rearing water. The growth of eel, which were fed a commercial diet, was satisfactory, with gross weight increases of up three times in 3 months. The survival rate under the congested experimental conditions was 91%. The foam separation unit maintained oxygen saturation in the rearing water at about 80%. Furthermore, fine colloidal substances were absorbed on the stable foam formed from eel mucus and were removed from the rearing water by foam separation. Ammonia oxidation and the removal of suspended solids were accomplished rapidly and simultaneously in the nitrification unit. The ammonia concentration and turbidity were kept at less than 1.2 mg of N per litre and 2.5 units, respectively. When the denitrification process was operated, nitrate that accumulated in the rearing water (151 mg of N per litre) was reduced to 40 mg of N per litre. The sludge was easily recovered from the nitrification and denitrification tanks, and the components were found suitable as compost. Based on these results, the intensive aquaculture of freshwater fish such as eel can be achieved using a closed recirculating system without emission.     

生物海绵铁复合填料曝气生物滤器处理养殖海水脱氮条件优化研究

为了提高海水循环养殖系统(RAS)中曝气生物滤器(BAF)系统脱氮效率,减少亚硝态氮(NO^2--N)积累和曝气量,将铁基复合生物填料引入BAF系统,以间歇式曝气营造BAF系统好氧、缺氧和厌氧的循环环境,采用扫描电子显微镜考察了填料表面形态,研究了不同复合填料配比及曝气运行方式下的氮污染物的处理效果,并利用单因素实验对生物滤器的各重要运行参数进行优化。结果显示,添加铁基填料可以提高约10%的脱氮效率,降低25%的NO^2--N积累并节省50%的曝气量;海水BAF系统在如下运行参数条件下有更优的去除性能,间歇曝气时长为12 h,聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)凝胶亲水填料与海绵铁复合配比为3∶1,温度为30℃,水力负荷率(HLR)为1.2 m^3/(m^2·d),进水氨氮(NH4^+-N)负荷为1 mg/L。研究表明,在RAS中引入铁基填料并以间歇曝气方式运行,能提高BAF系统处理氮污染物效率,明显降低NO^2--N积累和运行耗电量,为BAF在RAS中的生产应用提供理论依据。     

Understanding community perceptions of aquaculture: lessons from Australia

Aquaculture is a growing and high-value industry that depends on access to and wise use of shared inland, coastal and marine resources. Varied stakeholders and communities are very interested in these public resources, and there has been conflict about how the aquaculture industry uses them. Prior to the research discussed in this article, there have been few large-scale studies of community perceptions of aquaculture. Our research drew upon an extensive literature review, stakeholder interviews and a survey mailed to the public in two regional case studies in Australia: the Eyre Peninsula in the state of South Australia and Port Phillip Bay in the state of Victoria. The data revealed some public support for aquaculture’s socioeconomic benefits and strong interest in minimizing the risk of its environmental impacts. There were mixed opinions about the trustworthiness of governments’ aquaculture decisions and actions. Some industry sectors attracted greater trust and lower perceived environmental risks. The importance and credibility of different information sources varied. There was strong support for improved dialogue among governments, the aquaculture industry and communities. Key differences between the regions included levels of awareness of and knowledge about aquaculture. Our research is consistent with literature on risk communication and perception that suggests that conflict and subsequent costs to industry and the community can be overcome or mitigated if government and industry understand, acknowledge and respond to community perceptions of the industry.     

水产养殖业污染现状及防治对策——以苕溪流域为例

对国家、省、市县水产养殖业污染防治的管理体制机制进行了分析,并对苕溪流域内现行法规、标准和政策进行了研究。针对当前流域内水产养殖污染防治尚存在行业管理部门环保职责不明、执法监管模式不完善、现行法规体系强制力不够、缺乏养殖尾水排放控制要求等系列问题,从完善相关法规、标准和政策、实施养殖业技术改造和提升科技水平等方面,提出了政策建议。     

水产养殖用蛭弧菌类生物制剂的检测

通过双层平板法以不同细菌为宿主测定了八个厂家蛭弧菌类生物制剂的噬斑含量及噬斑分离物的宿主裂解范围;以三对靶向不同类群蛭弧菌类生物的特异引物对各产品及其噬斑分离物进行了PCR检测;对两株代表性蛭弧菌分离物的16S rRNA基因进行了测序,并通过构建蛭弧菌科进化树分析了它们的系统地位。结果表明被检测的绝大多数蛭弧菌类生物制剂质量不合格,仅两个样品被蛭弧菌科特异引物检测为阳性,被双层平板法证实有噬斑出现。其中一个样品JSF中存在两种形态和宿主范围不同的噬斑分离物,且不同宿主菌计数结果存在明显差异。16S rRNA基因序列分析表明这两种噬斑分离物JSF1和JSF2,分别属于蛭弧菌科的噬菌蛭弧菌(类群1)和未定种的类群5。但另一样品的噬斑分离物则被证实为非蛭弧菌类生物。     

An epidemiological study of cataracts in wild and farmed lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) and the relation to nutrition

Twelve groups of farmed lumpfish and one of wild lumpfish were screened for cataract and sampled for fish muscle tissue, whole heart and both eye lenses to investigate possible relations between cataract and tissue free amino acid concentrations. Cataract prevalence ranged from 20% to 100%, with the highest average score of 7.3 (max 8) and incidences of severe cataract (>5) in all groups. Cataract could not be explained by suboptimal histidine concentrations in the feed. Neither muscle nor cardiac tissues had concentrations of free histidine compounds. The lumpfish lens contained N‐acetylhistidine (NAH), of which low concentrations were strongly related to cataract severity. However, no correlation between lens NAH and cataract severity was found in the present sample set. Wild lumpfish had higher levels compared to farmed lumpfish, suggesting that the farmed lumpfish may have been deficient in histidine or have a higher utilization of NAH due to osmotic problems. Thus, cataract in farmed lumpfish may be related to primary or secondary disturbed nutrient metabolism or malnutrition, shown by the high levels of specific amino acids in different tissues, which may cause osmotic imbalance and cataract development. This nutritional or environmental‐related welfare problem deserves further research.     

Assessment of Fatty Acid Composition and Technological Properties of Northern Pike (Esox lucius) Fillets: The Effects of Fish Origin and Sex

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of northern pike origin (wild vs. farmed) and sex (female vs. male) on chemical composition, including fatty acids, and technological properties of fresh fillets. Fish origin influenced moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents, pH and color of the fillets, and the proportion of 22 out of 25 determined fatty acids, whereas sex affected expressible water, pH, lightness and redness of fillets, and only a single fatty acid (C20:0) proportion. Farmed pike had higher protein and fat content and lower moisture and ash than wild pike. Higher proportion and content of total polyunsaturated and n-3 fatty acids, as well as lower n-6/n-3 ratio, were found in farmed pike. Thus, it can be concluded that the commercial feed positively affected fatty acid proportion and content in the fish tissue and increased its nutritional value.     

干露及恢复过程中菲律宾蛤仔免疫指标的变化

在滩涂养殖和运输过程中,菲律宾蛤仔经常处于干露状态.笔者研究了蛤仔在干露胁迫和随后的恢复过程中酶活力和免疫相关物质含量的变化,初步揭示了滩涂贝类耐干露的生理学机制.在蛤仔干露12、24、48 h,以及恢复培养2、6、12、24 h时分别取蛤仔鳃和内脏团,测定酶活力及免疫相关物质含量,设持续海水养殖的蛤仔为对照组.结果表...     

Seasonal variations of physiological parameters in the blue mussel mytilus spp. from farm sites of eastern Quebec

A seasonal monitoring of indigenous (Gaspé Bay, Carleton, Havre-St-Pierre, Magdalen Islands and Blanc-Sablon) and transplanted (Gaspé Bay, Carleton, Havre-St-Pierre) mussels from different farm sites of Eastern Quebec allowed us to study mussel physiology as a function of environmental factors. A positive influence of phytoplankton cell concentration and temperature on the reproductive cycle was discovered even if no significant relationship has been showed because of the fragmented pattern of gametogenesis. A decrease of digestive gland index (DGI) was observed during gametogenesis. Development of gametes needs much energy and its great influence on digestive gland weight prevented us to correlate mussel growth with environmental factors. A decrease of phagocytic activity was observed in each site in midsummer, concomitantly to the most active spawning period. A significant positive correlation was remarked between maturity index in males and phagocytosis. A decrease of phagocytic activity could then have a direct impact on mussel population since it occurred during high temperature period when mussels had to face spawning, bacterial developments and diseases. It appeared in our study that reproductive cycle is a key event in mussel physiology and important for mussel farmers to follow-up. In the near future, we intend to develop and validate reliable indicators of the reproductive cycle in cultured mussels.