山东省水产养殖外来物种调查研究

外来物种(Aliem species)是指在某地区或生态系统原来不存在，由于人类活动以及与人类活动有关而引进的物种。近年来，山东省先后引进近百种水产养殖外来物种，为促进山东省的水产事业发展做出了积极的贡献。作者通过3年时间，对山东省近年水产养殖外来物种情况进行了全面地调查研究，简要总结了水产养殖外来物种现状，找出了存在的主要问题，并对今后工作提出了一些建议，以供有关部门决策参考。     

Assessment of “discreet” vertebral abnormalities, bone mineralization and bone compactness in farmed rainbow trout

The present study aimed to evaluate the importance of “discreet” vertebral abnormalities in normally-shaped rainbow trout in relation to vertebral bone condition in French fish farms. A total of 373 trout (262 ± 2 mm in total length) from 20 fish farms sampled were studied. The fish were radiographed and the axial skeleton examined for vertebral abnormalities. Vertebrae from the middle axial region (V32-38) were selected to evaluate vertebral bone condition. Bone mineralization (BM, %) was estimated by the ratio of ash and dry weight. Bone compactness (BC,%) was measured using Bone Profiler 3.23 images software on digitized radiographs of transverse sections (125 ± 10 μm). Statistical analyses were performed to test the relationships between the occurrence of vertebral abnormalities, and BM and BC. The occurrence of affected trout ranged from 0 to 55% depending on the farm. Trout displayed vertebrae with low BM (< 54.6%) and low BC (< 28.1%) in 40% and 55% of the farm, respectively. No relationships were observed between bone condition parameters (BM, BC) and the occurrence of vertebral abnormalities. These results could be explained by a wide and variable plastic response of bone characters (i.e., vertebral abnormalities, BM and BC) to the various rearing conditions in the fish farms sampled.     

Self-organization and mechanical properties of mussel culture suspensions: A critical review

Published information on the spatial organization of mussel culture suspensions (collectors, socks, droppers and poles) is reviewed. Despite the several hundred studies on mussel culture this type of information is very scarce but suggests that mussels self-organize into phyllotatic patterns similar to those widely studied in cylindrical/tubular biological structures and mineral crystals. I demonstrate that space regulated self-thinning (SST) models developed for plane substrates are not applicable to mussel suspensions and propose a new SST model based on the packing geometry of mussel shells around a rope. The robustness of this model is assessed by its application to a wide range of cultured populations. This comparison suggests that the carrying capacity of individual suspensions for commercial-sized mussels is equivalent to a single layer of tightly packed mussels around the rope, independently of the species, type of suspension, presence/absence of pegs, site (growth rate) and stocking density and size. The emergent mechanical properties of these porous, extremely rough and heterogeneous bodies are reviewed. The proposed SST model provides insights into the biomechanical processes of self-thinning and sloughing.     

养殖业有机砷对土壤的污染研究

分析了养殖业排泄物中有机砷对土壤的污染现状和存在问题,总结了近年来养殖业有机砷制剂使用的发展趋势及管理方面存在的问题,并根据砷污染的严峻形势,提出对养殖业有机砷的防控对策。     

Pesticide use in rice and rice–fish farms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Pest management practices among rice and rice–fish farmers and their perception of problems related to pests and pesticides were surveyed in the Mekong Delta. A total number of 64 different pesticides were identified during the survey. Approximately 50% were insecticides, 25% were fungicides and 25% were herbicides. The main insecticides used were pyrethroids (42%) carbamates (23%) and cartap (19%). Non-IPM farmers used twice as many pesticides as IPM farmers. Their application frequency and the amount of active ingredient used were 2–3 times higher per crop, as compared to IPM farmers. During the last three years IPM farmers estimated that they had decreased the amount of pesticides used by approximately 65%, while non-IPM farmers said that they had increased the amount of pesticide used by 40%. Also, farmers growing fish in their rice fields used less pesticide than farmers growing only rice, as pesticides adversely affect cultures of fish. Taking a long-term perspective integrated rice–fish farming with IPM practices provides a sustainable alternative to intensive rice mono-cropping, both from an economic as well as an ecological point of view.     

养殖水体氮的生物转化及其相关微生物研究进展

综述了国内外养殖水体N的生物转化及其相关微生物研究进展,指出养殖水体中N循环主要起源于所加入的配合饲料及有机或无机肥料,在生物和非生物共同作用下含氮化合物不断迁移转化,构成复杂的动态平衡,其中微生物起着关键作用,泥水界面层是有机物矿化和营养物质再生的重要场所。并提出渔业生产调控措施。     

3种湿地植物对养猪废水的净化效果

[目的]研究3种湿地植物对养猪废水的脱氮除磷效果。[方法]采用人工湿地工艺处理技术,研究水葫芦、芦苇、水花生对养猪废水中氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))的去除效果。[结果]水力停留时间(HRT)为20 d时,人工湿地对COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N、TP的去除效果较好,平均去除率分别达到85.5%、90.6%和82.2%,达到了预期目的。[结论]该工艺能使工程化处理养猪废水达到国家标准。     

鱼类学教学改革与探索

针对鱼类学的课程教学现状,提出了相关的教学改革措施,强调改进教学模式,增强学习效能;改变实验依附理论的现状。同时分析了增强师资队伍力量和完善学生考核方式的重要意义,旨在提高学生的学习能力和课程教学质量。     

基于草鱼免疫的生态综合调控对养殖池塘水质的影响

[目的]研究基于草鱼免疫的生态综合调控对养殖池塘水质的影响。[方法]2016年5—10月,分析了联合使用EM制剂、二氧化氯和底质改良剂对安徽合肥和马鞍山免疫草鱼养殖池塘水质的综合影响。[结果]与对照池塘相比,生态综合调控对试验池塘水体具有较好的净化作用,能降低硝酸盐(NO_3~--N)、亚硝酸盐(NO_2~--N)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量,提升溶解氧,稳定pH。[结论]研究结果可为促进池塘养殖的健康发展提供技术支持和理论依据。