超声波降解苹果汁中展青霉素动力学研究

为了掌握超声波降解苹果汁中展青霉素的动力学特性,在前期超声波降解苹果汁中展青霉素的研究基础上,利用拟一级反应动力学方程对超声波影响因素中超声波功率、频率及温度降解苹果汁中展青霉素的试验数据进行拟合,确定相关参数,进一步建立各影响因素降解速率常数与相关影响因子之间的关系方程。结果表明:超声波功率对苹果汁中展青霉素的降解符合拟一级反应方程,超声波功率为490 W时,降解率最大;功率降解速率常数kP与超声波功率的方程为kP=6×10-5P-0.011 7。超声波频率对展青霉素的降解符合拟一级反应方程,超声波频率为45 k Hz时,降解率最大;频率降解速率常数kf与超声波频率f的关系方程为kf=-8×10-4f2+0.111 9f-2.512 6。温度对苹果汁中展青霉素的降解符合拟一级反应方程,温度为30℃时,降解率最大;温度降解速率常数kT与温度T的关系方程为kT=-1×10-4T2+0.006 1T-0.076 9。     

3WZF-400A型果园风送喷雾机改进设计

3WZF-400A型果园风送喷雾机通过安装直线导流板引导了气流速度场,在一定程度上解决了传统轴流式风送喷雾机农药浪费以及防治效果差的问题,但仍无法使靶标区域的气流速度分布与作物冠层轮廓匹配。本文以计算流体力学为手段,对该型喷雾机进行了改进设计。通过设置不同数量和角度的短导流板进一步引导喷雾机气流场,并建立了对应的气流速度场分布模型。通过对比选取最佳的改进设计方案,并进行了试验验证与喷雾性能测试。研究结果表明,当短导流板数量为2,喷雾机导流板角度组合为45°、15°、-15°和5°,且风机风速为20m/s时,在靶标处的气流速度分布能够与作物冠形轮廓匹配,所建立的模型能够较准确地模拟喷雾机实际气流速度场的分布。在此基础上以雾滴覆盖率为指标评价了改进设计后的喷雾机喷雾性能,并与改进前的喷雾机喷雾性能作对比,结果表明雾滴能够在垂直平面内按照作物冠形合理分布。     

苹果图像的背景分割与目标提取

水果的缺陷、大小和颜色差异以及光照等因素影响图像背景分割与目标提取精度.以苹果为研究对象,针对4种不同光照强度条件下采集的280幅不同姿态的苹果图像,将彩色图像的R、G、B分量进行算术运算,然后采用形态学开运算进行消噪处理,采用线性空间滤波消除锯齿状边界,采用自动阈值分割方法进行背景分割与目标提取.结果显示,203幅图像的分割偏差小于1％,占总量的72.5％;70幅图像的分割偏差大于1％而小于2％,占总量的25％;偏差大于2％的有7幅,占总量的2.5％.最大分割偏差为2.83％.     

基于改进人工势场的苹果采摘机器人机械手避障方法

针对非结构化环境下的采摘机器人机械手实时避障问题,提出一种改进人工势场法的避障路径规划方法。根据自行研制的5自由度苹果采摘机器人机械手具体结构和障碍物特征,进行机械手运动学分析和障碍物建模;在保留传统人工势场法易于实现、结构简单等优点的基础上,针对其存在的局部极小点、陷进区等问题,结合果树生长环境中障碍物的特点,通过引入虚拟目标点使搜索过程跳出局部最优的极小点,从而实现机械手避开障碍物到达目标的灵活避障;将该方法应用于机械手末端位置、障碍物位置和目标位置已知条件下的采摘机器人机械手实时避障任务中,仿真和实验研究结果表明此方法简单,实时性好,能够有效地避开障碍物,成功到达目标位置,适合自然生长状态下苹果的自动采摘。     

苹果的介电特性与新鲜度的关系研究

采用平板电极，用破坏性方法研究了金帅苹果切片组织的介电特性与新鲜度的关系，结果表明：在１００Ｈｚ～１００ｋＨｚ的测试频段内，苹果的储藏时间越长，其果肉组织的阻抗值越大，相对介电常数和介质损耗因数越小；其中在１０～１００ｋＨｚ的频率范围内，苹果的介电特性与新鲜度具有明显的相关性。     

Soil fumigation and compost amendment alter soil microbial community composition but do not improve tree growth or yield in an apple replant site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disease complex that reduces survival, growth and yield of replanted trees, and is often encountered in establishing new orchards on old sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been the fumigant used most widely to control ARD, but alternatives to MB and cultural methods of control are needed. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of soil microbial communities and tree growth and yield to three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and use of five clonal rootstock genotypes (M.7, M.26, CG.6210, G.30 and G.16), in an apple replant site in Ithaca, New York. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess changes in the community composition of bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil 8, 10, 18 and 22 months after trees were replanted. PCR-DGGE was also used to compare the community composition of bacteria, fungi and pseudomonads in untreated rhizosphere soil of the five rootstock genotypes 31 months after planting. Tree caliper and extension growth were measured annually in November from 2002 to 2004. Apple yield data were recorded in 2004, the first fruiting year after planting. Trees on CG.6210 rootstocks had the most growth and highest yield, while trees on M.26 rootstocks had the least growth and lowest yield. Tree growth and yield were not affected by pre-plant soil treatment except for lateral extension growth, which was longer in trees growing in compost-treated soil in 2003 as compared to those in the fumigation treatment. Bulk soil bacterial PCR-DGGE fingerprints differed strongly among the different soil treatments 1 year after their application, with the fingerprints derived from each pre-plant soil treatment clustering separately in a hierarchical cluster analysis. However, the differences in bacterial communities between the soil treatments diminished during the second year after planting. Soil fungal communities converged more rapidly than bacterial communities, with no discernable pattern related to pre-plant soil treatments 10 months after replanting. Changes in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities in response to soil treatments had no obvious correlation with tree performance. On the other hand, rootstock genotypes modified their rhizosphere environments which differed significantly in their bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal and oomycete communities. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprints of fungal and pseudomonad rhizosphere community DNA revealed two distinct clusters. For both analyses, soil sampled from the rhizosphere of the two higher yielding rootstock genotypes clustered together, while the lower yielding rootstock genotypes also clustered together. These results suggest that the fungal and pseudomonad communities that have developed in the rhizosphere of the different rootstock genotypes may be one factor influencing tree growth and yield at this apple replant site.     

苹果品种‘秦阳’在河南商丘的引种表现及栽培技术

秦阳是西北农林科技大学育成的早熟苹果新品种,2009年在商丘地区引种试栽观察。该品种果实扁圆形,单果重153g,果面着鲜红色,果肉细、脆、多汁,酸甜适口。可溶性固形物含量13.31%,去皮硬度8.72kg/cm2,品质上等。8月上旬成熟,抗病性好,综合性状优,是一个适合在商丘地区推广栽植的优良早熟品种。     

重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分状况分析

为了解重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分含量状况,在重庆7县（区）随机选取132个果园,分析背景土壤和农化土壤pH值、有机质和有效态矿质养分含量。结果显示,分别有56.8%和60.8%的果园背景土壤和农化土壤pH值适宜甜橙生长,农化土壤酸性土比例增加;背景土壤和农化土壤有机质含量不足（<15 mg?Kg-1）的比例分别为77.3%和85.3%,碱解氮处于适宜范围的比例分别为56.8%和61.5%,有效钙过剩（高量和过量）的比例分别为79.6%和76.7%;背景土壤有效磷、钾不足(缺乏和低量)的比例分别为95.4%和72.8%,有效锌、硼不足的比例分别为54.5%和70.5%;农化土壤有效磷、钾不足的比例分别为60.8%和57.6%,有效锌、硼不足比例分别为65.9%和90.7%。背景土壤和农化土壤有效镁、铁、锰及铜不足和过量并存。总体而言,土壤养分状况中等偏差;与背景土壤相比,农化土壤pH值、有机质、有效钙、锌和硼含量下降且缺锌严重,其它养分含量则有所上升。     

优良早熟大果型苹果新品种‘华硕’在山东烟台的引种试栽表现

华硕是郑州果树研究所自主培育的优良早熟苹果品种,烟台市农业科学研究院于2009年将该品种引进烟台,在烟台及周边地区进行试栽试验。经多年引种观察,该品种果实近圆形,果个大,平均单果重258.8g;果面着鲜红色,外观漂亮;果肉细腻多汁,风味酸甜适度,有香味;成熟时果实可溶性固形物含量13.2%,果肉硬度9.8kg/cm2,品质上等;在烟台地区8月上中旬成熟,成熟期介于美国八号和嘎啦之间,耐贮性优于美国八号和嘎啦品种,适于在烟台及其周边地区进行推广栽植。     

川西高原苹果主要病害发生规律及综合防治研究

2011-2013年,采用定点观察、实地调查和座谈访问的方式,对川西高原苹果主要病害进行了调查研究。结果表明：苹果腐烂病、苹果早期落叶病、白粉病、霉心病等为害严重。结合其发病规律,提出了综合防治技术措施。