人类活动对河岸带植被氮磷生态化学计量特征的影响——以汾河临汾段为例

[目的]探究自然河岸带和强人工干扰河岸带土壤—植被系统氮、磷生态化学计量的变化规律,为该区域的河岸带修复和环境保护提供科学依据.[方法]利用相关分析和偏冗余分析等方法,以汾河临汾段典型河岸带为例,探讨自然河岸带及强人工干扰河岸带土壤—植被系统氮、磷含量的时空分布特性及其影响因素.[结果]河岸带植被总氮(TN),总磷(T...     

不同氮素水平对晚稻拟环纹豹蛛及稻飞虱种群动态的影响

以一等优质晚稻湘晚籼17号为试验材料,设置三个不同的氮肥水平,研究节氮条件下晚稻倒伏对拟环纹豹蛛种群动态的影响,以期为优质晚稻的绿色生产提供科学依据。结果表明,各生育时期拟环纹豹蛛种群数量均随施氮量的增加而显著减少,稻飞虱种群数量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加;直立植株的拟环纹豹蛛、稻飞虱种群数量随着晚稻生育进程的推进表现出先增后降的趋势,拟环纹豹蛛种群数量在齐穗期达到最大,稻飞虱种群数量在乳熟期达到最大;乳熟期水稻植株发生倒伏后,拟环纹豹蛛逐渐由直立植株迁移到倒伏植株,而稻飞虱则由倒伏植株迁移到直立植株,施氮量越高,倒伏指数越大,迁移越明显,倒伏植株与直立植株间的种群增长率越大,各处理间差异达显著水平。     

红海湾水质营养状况分析

根据 1997年 8月～ 1998年 11月的调查数据 ,分析红海湾水域的营养水平及分布特点 ,以了解红海湾水域营养水平的分布特点及污染状况。红海湾水域的富营养化指数E的分布从北向南呈逐渐递减趋势 ,即长沙湾滩涂养殖区 >长沙湾浅海养殖区 >自然水域、龟龄岛水域 ,其中长沙湾滩涂养殖区和长沙湾浅海养殖区受污染明显 ,分别达高富营养化程度和富营养化程度 ;自然水域和龟龄岛水域则营养状况相似 ,基本上未受到明显的污染。E的季节变化趋势为春季 >秋季 >夏季 >冬季 ,除冬季处于贫营养状况外 ,其余 3个季节均达富营养化程度 ,其中以春季受到的污染最为严重 ,达高富营养化程度。分别根据CN/CP 值和E值所推断出的结论基本相同     

次黄嘌呤生物传感器检测鱼类新鲜度之研究

检测鱼类新鲜度的常规方法是测定其总挥发性盐基氮（ＴＶＢ－Ｎ）或细菌菌落总数，手续繁琐且代价较高，本文提出的方法是一种新颖的快速检测法。实验表明，在鱼的腐败过程中，总挥发性盐基氮（ＴＶＢ－Ｎ，国标）、细菌落落总数和次黄嘌呤（Ｈｘ）的量之间皆存在着良好的相关性。因此，鱼腐烂而累积于组织的次黄嘌呤量可以指示鱼类的新鲜度，生物传感器快速检测法将取代现有的常规手段。     

西庄斜发沸石对NH^＋4的吸附性能研究

对潍坊西庄斜发沸石对NH_4~+的吸附性能,改型和再生方法进行了研究。并与浙江斜发沸石进行了比较。随海水盐度的增高,NH_4~+的去除率降低。不经改型的沸石,对盐度为28.2的海水中5mg/L NH_4~+,5h后的去除率为30％;对淡水,去除率为100％。在室内水泥池和室外大规模生产应用试验表明,在静止的水体中采用自然沉降法去除NH_4~+,去除率可达24.4％～70.0％,从而,提高了对虾的成活率和生长速度。     

In vitro modulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediate (ROI/RNI) production in Crassostrea gigas hemocytes

Bivalve hemocyte competence has been measured by quantifying functional characteristics, including reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production after activation with zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). However, untreated oyster hemocytes also produce ROI and RNI (reactive nitrogen intermediates) after bleeding even if not stimulated by zymosan or PMA. Extensive investigation of this parameter by flow cytometry showed that, in vitro, ROI/RNI production by untreated hemocytes maintained in seawater appeared to be independent of both bacterial burden in the serum and non-self particle phagocytosis. ROI/RNI production in granulocytes was higher than in hyalinocytes and could be intensified when activated by zymosan but not by PMA. Both cell types used NADPH-oxidase- and NO-synthase-like pathways to produce these molecules; the NO-synthase pathway seemed relatively more dominant in hyalinocytes and NADPH-oxidase appeared more effective in granulocytes. These results provide new insights for interpreting the modulation of ROI/RNI production by untreated hemocytes shown by other studies, relative to environmental conditions or physiological status of the oysters.     

The effect of dietary protein on the growth and survival of the shrimp, Penaeus monodon in outdoor tanks

The comparative effect of reducing the protein content of formulated feed on the growth and survival of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and on water quality was tested in outdoor tanks. Three diets, 300, 350 and 400 g kg^?1 crude protein (CP), were fed to P. monodon (3.1 g animals, 25 animals per m²) in each of eight replicated outdoor 2500 L tanks in an 8‐week trial. There was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) in shrimp growth rate (1.34–1.50 g week^?1), survival, or final biomass between the treatments. However, when tanks with lower survival were removed from the analysis (<60 and <80% were tested), shrimp growth rate was statistically higher (P < 0.05) in the 350 and 400 g kg^?1 CP diets than in the 300 g kg^?1 CP diet treatment. There were no differences in the nutritional condition of shrimp between treatments, as determined by moisture and protein content, and lipid content of the digestive gland. Using ¹⁵N‐nitrogen isotope tracers, it was determined that shrimp were consuming natural biota, although these were unlikely to have contributed substantially to their nutrition. Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the water column increased over the eight week experiment and were statistically different (P < 0.001) between treatments (3.60, 5.17 and 6.45 mg L^?1 in the 300, 350 and 400 g kg^?1 CP treatments, respectively). Concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were also statistically different between treatments and made up 35–40% of the TN in the water column. Concentrations of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and oxides of nitrogen, and fluorescence were not statistically different between treatments but there was a trend of higher concentrations in treatments with higher protein levels. There was no difference in sediment nutrients between treatments. This study has shown that there is scope to reduce the protein content of P. monodon diets but only by 5–10%. However, further validation of these results in commercial ponds is needed. Reducing the feed protein content may result in cost savings and also has the advantage of improving water quality and reducing nitrogen discharge.     

周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响。饲粮分为低(7.5%)、中(10.5%)和高(13.5%)3个蛋白质水平。选用9只体况良好,体重为(45.63±3.15)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,采用单因子随机区组试验设计分为3组,即中蛋白质饲粮组(对照组)、变动低蛋白质饲粮组(2 d低蛋白质饲粮—2 d高蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)、变动高蛋白质饲粮组(2 d高蛋白质饲粮—2 d低蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)。预试期16 d,正试期12 d。通过全收粪尿法、嘌呤衍生物法和同位素灌注法测定山羊氮代谢、内源尿素氮循环以及微生物蛋白质合成的变化。结果表明:1)中蛋白质饲粮组与变动蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液氨氮(NH3-N)浓度显著增加(P<0.05),粪氮、尿氮排出量显著增加(P<0.05),沉积氮/摄入氮显著降低(P<0.05),尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量和微生物蛋白质合成的量显著降低(P<0.05);2)变动低蛋白质饲粮组与变动高蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著降低(P<0.05);3)周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平后,进入胃肠道的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05),进入尿中的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),返回鸟氨酸循环的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),用于再合成的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05)。综上所述,周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平有利于提高内蒙古白绒山羊氮利用率和微生物蛋白质合成量。     

玉米自交系B73丙酮酸磷酸双激酶基因的克隆及低氮对PPDK表达的影响

以玉米B73自交系为实验材料,克隆了玉米B73叶片C4型丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(PPDK)基因即C4PPDK基因的c DNA全长并测序,研究了低氮胁迫对典型C4作物玉米PPDK蛋白表达的影响。结果表明,B73玉米C4PPDK基因有19个外显子,18个内含子。无论在高氮还是低氮条件下,玉米野生型与ppdk突变杂合子在表型上均无显著差异。野生型植株中PPDK表达量约为杂合子的2倍;与高氮处理相比,低氮处理下PPDK野生型和杂合子中PPDK蛋白表达量显著升高,表明PPDK蛋白可能参与了对低氮胁迫的响应。该实验为进一步研究PPDK与氮代谢的关系奠定了基础。     

豆科植物结瘤自调控分子机制研究进展

豆科植物通过与土壤中的根瘤菌共生发育形成根瘤,在根瘤中根瘤菌可以将空气中氮气转化成植物可以直接利用的铵态氮.共生过程中为了平衡氮素的摄取和能量的损耗,豆科植物形成了地上与地下信号交互的结瘤自调控机制(Auto-regulation of nodulation,AON),进而调节结瘤的数量.本文综述了AON分子调控机制近...