饲喂豆饼、亚麻饼和血粉氮源日粮的生长绵羊限制性氨基酸研究

本实验选用9只装有瘤胃、十二指肠和回肠瘘管的生长羯羊 ,随机分为3组 ,分别饲喂以玉米为基础的豆饼型、亚麻饼型和血粉型3种不同氮源日粮 ,以Cr2O3 为食糜标记物测定3种日粮下绵羊消化道不同部位的食糜流通量和进入十二指肠的各种氨基酸的流通量与组成。然后 ,在每种日粮下按3×3拉丁方试验设计 ,并按“递减法”由十二指肠瘘管灌注不同氨基酸。在豆饼日粮下分为减色氨酸(Trp)组、减蛋氨酸(Met)组和全量组 ;在亚麻饼日粮下分为减赖氨酸(Lys)组、减精氨酸(Arg)组和全量组 ;在血粉日粮下分为减精氨酸(Arg)组、减蛋氨酸(Met)组和全量组。测定灌注不同氨基酸对绵羊氮平衡、日增量、血浆尿素氮(PUN)和血浆游离氨基酸(FAA)浓度的影响。试验结果表明 :饲喂不同氮源日粮对绵羊瘤胃食糜流通速率(Kp)无显著影响(P=0.11) ,血粉日粮的瘤胃Kp 比豆饼日粮和亚麻饼日粮高。进入十二指肠食糜的总氮和非氨氮(NAN)在3种日粮间无显著差异(P>0.05) ;十二指肠食糜中微生物氮(MN)流通量差异不显著(P=0.72) ,其中饲喂亚麻饼日粮下绵羊十二指肠食糜中的微生物氮流量和微生物氮占非氨氮比(MN/NAN)最高(分别为7.48g/d和55.71 %) ;豆饼日粮次之 ,血粉日粮最低(39.23 %)。饲喂血粉日粮的绵羊十二指肠食糜中氨基酸总量高于豆饼和亚麻     

Nitrogen and calcium nutrition of Petunia × hybrida ‘Coral Sea’

The effects of N and Ca nutrition on plant growth and shoot elemental content of Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm. - Andr. ‘Coral Sea’ were evaluated. Nitrogen and Ca were applied separately or in combination in three experiments: (1) N at 0, 100, 200 or 400 mg l^?1; (2) Ca at 0, 75, 150 or 300 mg l^?1; (3) N at 0 or 100 mg l^?1 and Ca at 0 or 150 mg l^?1 combined factorially. Shoot and root dry weights, branch length and flower number were highest when plants received 100 mg l^?1 N. Plants treated with 150 mg l^?1 Ca had the highest shoot and root dry weights. Branch length was maximal at 300 mg l^?1 Ca.Nitrogen and Ca interacted to increase shoot dry weights, branch number and length, leaf area and flower number. Increasing N concentrations increased N and decreased P, Mn and Zn shoot contents. Calcium content of shoots increased while N, P and Mg decreased in response to increasing applications of Ca to petunia plants. Minimal N and Ca tissue concentrations for optimal P. × hybrida growth were 3.3 and 0.67%, respectively.     

草地生物固氮与集约化草地畜牧业

草地生物固氮不仅是草地生态系统氮素循环输入过程的重要部分，而且与集约化草地畜牧业的建立和退化草场的恢复有重要的关系。在草地生态系统生物固氮的３种方式中，豆科植物根瘤生固是重要方式，细菌自主固氮值得重视，而联合固氮在草地生物固氮中有着广泛的应用前景与潜力。     

Effects of N and K Fertilization on Cotton in Saline Soil

海涂棉花施用氮钾肥的田间试验于１９９５年在浙江省上虞市海涂实验场进行．试验结果表明，施用氮肥能大大促进棉花生长，显著增加棉花产量，而施用钾肥对棉花生长和产量无显著影响，这与土壤有效钾含量较高有关．从经济效果和产量来看，最适施氮量（Ｎ）为２７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２．     

Bracken effects on inorganic nitrogen leaching from an upland podzol

Leaching of inorganic N species to stream waters from upland areas of the UK is increasing, reflecting the increases in atmospheric deposition of nitrogen species due to increased levels of vehicular emissions. Bracken cover in UK uplands is also increasing overall ( Taylor, 1986 ), and the architectural nature of bracken has been shown to both increase deposition of atmospheric constituents to soils and change their chemical and physical nature. We have tested the nutrient status of upland podzols from the Lake District, Cumbria, UK, from under both moorland grass and bracken. The results show reduced levels of base cations and nitrate throughout the profile and decreases in the organic matter content of surface horizons as a consequence of bracken encroachment. We also report increased ammonium concentrations in lower soil horizons under bracken, possibly leading to increased leaching to stream waters. These results suggest either increased leaching of soil nutrients due to bracken encroachment or increased storage of nutrients within the bracken rhizome system. Results also suggest changes in either microbial activity or the microbial community of podzols, possibly due to the allelopathic nature of bracken. This may have caused changes in the soil nutrient dynamics, possibly accounting for some of the changes seen. We hypothesize that increased bracken cover within the British uplands has the potential to increase leaching of inorganic nitrogen to upland streams.     

瘤胃灌注不同比例的混合VFA对肉牛瘤胃发酵、能量和氮代谢的研究

以装有瘤胃瘘管的肉牛（３９０±３０ｋｇ）饲喂全羊草的基础日粮，瘤胃灌注４种不同摩尔比例的混合ＶＦＡ（乙酸：丙酸：丁酸为７５∶１５∶１０，６５∶２５∶１０，５５∶３５∶１０和４５∶４５∶１０），按４×４拉丁方试验设计测定了灌注后代谢产热率（ＨＰ／ＭＥ），ＶＦＡ转化为体脂肪的效率（Ｋｆ）和可消化氮转化为沉积氮的效率。结果表明，随着灌注混合ＶＦＡ中丙酸比例超过２５％，ＨＰ／ＭＥ明显降低（Ｐ＜００５），Ｋｆ值极显著地增加（Ｐ＜００１）；可消化氮转化为沉积氮的效率显著增加（Ｐ＜００５）；ＨＰ／ＭＥ与瘤胃中乙酸比例、Ｋｆ值与瘤胃液中丙酸比例均呈线性正相关。     

昌黎生态监控区无机N、P 变化及潜在性富营养化评价

对2006—2010年每年8月河北昌黎生态监控区测定的无机N(NO2-N、NO3-N、NH4-N)和无机P(PO4-P)含量,进行多年站位及总量分析,揭示其年际变化趋势,并结合海水质量标准进行潜在性富营养化评价。结果表明:无机N总量(DIN)于前4年持续下降,而2010年急剧上升至历年最高水平,其中NO3-N含量总体水平远高于NO2-N和NH4-N,成为DIN主要组成部分;无机P含量则呈波动性上升趋势。潜在性富营养化评价结果显示,2010年19个站位均为P限制潜在性富营养(ⅥP),其他年份仅个别站位呈N或P限制潜在性富营养(ⅤN或ⅥP)及中度营养(Ⅱ),其余均为贫营养(Ⅰ)。     

Effects of vertical distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen on root growth and subsequent nitrogen uptake by field vegetable crops

Information is needed about root growth and N uptake of crops under different soil conditions to increase nitrogen use efficiency in horticultural production. The purpose of this study was to investigate if differences in vertical distribution of soil nitrogen (N_inorg) affected root growth and N uptake of a variety of horticultural crops. Two field experiments were performed each over 2 years with shallow or deep placement of soil N_inorg obtained by management of cover crops. Vegetable crops of leek, potato, Chinese cabbage, beetroot, summer squash and white cabbage reached root depths of 0.5, 0.7, 1.3, 1.9, 1.9 and more than 2.4 m, respectively, at harvest, and showed rates of root depth penetration from 0.2 to 1.5 mm day^?1 °C^?1. Shallow placement of soil N_inorg resulted in greater N uptake in the shallow‐rooted leek and potato. Deep placement of soil N_inorg resulted in greater rates of root depth penetration in the deep‐rooted Chinese cabbage, summer squash and white cabbage, which increased their depth by 0.2–0.4 m. The root frequency was decreased in shallow soil layers (white cabbage) and increased in deep soil layers (Chinese cabbage, summer squash and white cabbage). The influence of vertical distribution of soil N_inorg on root distribution and capacity for depletion of soil N_inorg was much less than the effect of inherent differences between species. Thus, knowledge about differences in root growth between species should be used when designing crop rotations with high N use efficiency.     

施氮量和花后控水对小麦水分生产效率及产量的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,采用施纯氮10kg/667m2、15kg/667m2、20kg/667m2(分别用N1、N2、N3表示)和40%~50%、60%~70%、80%~90%(分别用W1、W2、W3表示)3种土壤含水量进行处理,研究了氮肥和花后土壤含水量对小麦水分生产效率和产量的影响。结果表明:在同一施氮量条件下,表现为花后土壤含水量过高(80%~90%)或过低(40%~50%)导致穗粒数减少,千粒重降低,最终使产量降低。水分生产效率,则随着土壤含水量的增加而降低。在同一土壤含水量下,表现为增加施氮量有利于提高穗粒数,但过多(20kg/667m2)或过少(10kg/667m2)施氮均不利于穗粒数和千粒重的提高,而导致减产。而对于水分生产效率,表现为增加施氮量提高水分生产效率,而施氮量过高(20kg/667m2)造成小麦贪青晚熟,导致水分生产效率下降。因此,小麦生产中可以通过施用氮肥和控制花后土壤水分含量技术,调控小麦水分生产效率和产量,实现高产高效。     

施氮水平对杂交狼尾草产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响

在大田种植情况下.研究4种施氮水平对杂交狼尾草产量、粗蛋白含量和氮素生产效率的影响,以及牧草产量、粗蛋白含量与施氮量和各种农艺性状的相关性.结果表明,施氮肥能显著提高杂交狼尾草的分蘖数、株高、产量和粗蛋白含量,N2、N4处理间分蘖数差异不显著,N3、N4处理间株高、干草产量和粗蛋白含量差异不显著.杂交狼尾草鲜草产量、干草产量、粗蛋白含量、分蘖数、株高和施氮量相互间都呈正相关,其中鲜草产量与施氮量、分蘖数和粗蛋白含量呈显著相关,与株高和干草产量呈极显著相关;干草产量与施氮量和分蘖数呈显著相关.与株高呈极显著相关:粗蛋白含量与施氮量也呈显著相关.杂交狼尾草在一定的施氮量范围内,随着施氮量增加.牧草的干物质积累总量、粗蛋白质产量和氮素积累总量也越多,而牧草的氮素干物质生产效率、干物质生产效率、粗蛋白质生产效率、氮素农艺效率和氮素表观回收率都逐渐降低.在施纯氮量为350～1 050 kg/hm2时,杂交狼尾草的氮素表观回收率为25.73%～45.12%,氮素回收率只有16.68%～20.35%.