施肥与大气环境质量——论施肥对环境的影响(1)

无机肥和有机肥都是人类可持续发展不可或缺的资源,只要科学使用不会对环境和生态造成负面影响。不良施肥对大气环境的威胁主要来自有机肥,过量使用有机肥可促进土壤中CO2和CH4的排放;有机肥和畜禽粪肥堆放场地有大量氨气污染,有机物的焚烧可直接向大气排放大量的CO2、CH4及固体微粒,使城乡空气严重污染。有机肥和无机N肥的过量使用,都会导致土壤N素积累。土壤中N素的反硝化作用产生N2O, NOx 的排放。避免有机肥和N肥过量,禁止焚烧有机物,覆盖有机肥和畜禽粪肥堆放场,控制反硝化作用,以减少负面效应,保护大气环境质量。     

回转破碎气流干燥设备试验研究

介绍了回转破碎气流干燥设备的结构特点及其性能试验。该设备将滚筒破碎干燥机与气流干燥机串联组合，其组合衔接处采用封头板带过流孔的独特结构形式，把整个干燥过程分为三个阶段，集滚筒破碎干燥机、闪急干燥机和气流干燥机的优点于一体，提高了烘干效率和产品质量。     

红壤积水入渗及土壤水分再分布规律室内模拟试验研究

利用室内模拟土柱试验研究了红壤积水入渗及土壤水分再分布规律。结果表明:入渗过程中湿润锋距离、累积入渗量与时间的平方根呈线性关系,湿润锋运移速率与时间呈乘幂关系,而入渗率与时间平方根的倒数呈线性关系;再分布过程中,在隔绝蒸发条件下,土壤含水量随土层深度的增加而下降,同一深度土层含水量则随时间推移而下降。无论在隔绝蒸发还是在自然蒸发条件下,短期内土壤水吸力有随土层深度的增加呈先下降后升高的趋势,而同一深度土层水吸力则随时间的推移而升高;土壤初始含水量对水分的入渗及再分布有较大影响,初始含水量较低时,水分入渗较快,而水分再分布则较慢。     

鸡体鸡笼阻挡对密闭鸡舍气流运动影响的数值研究

在建立密闭式鸡舍机械通风系统气流运动方程的基础上,推导了由流函数和势函数表示的气流运动控制方程。根据能量变分原理,导出了平面等参可变节点的统一有限元模型。重点讨论了流函数形式下的多连通域(即鸡舍内存在阻挡物)方程的数值分析法。提出了采用流场叠加法求解时的两种内边界条件确定方法:①切向循环速度为零条件:在任一封闭内边界上切向循环速度为零;②能量最小条件:真实内边界条件使整体流场的能量最小。通过上述两种条件建立了原方程的补充代数方程,使问题得到了圆满解决。运用数值模拟,比较了横向通风与纵向通风系统在舍内气流分布型式上的特点。结果表明,在纵向通风形式下,鸡舍内的气流分布非常均匀,鸡体鸡笼等障碍物对空气运动的阻挡作用不十分明显。相反,横向通风系统的气流分布极不均匀,尤其下部鸡笼周围的气流速度大大降低。     

回转破碎气流干燥设备试验研究

介绍了回转破碎气流干燥设备的结构特点及其性能试验。该设备将滚筒破碎干燥机与气流干燥机串联组合，其组合衔接处采用封头板带过流孔的独特结构形式，把整个干燥过程分为三个阶段，集滚筒破碎干燥机、闪急干燥机和气流干燥机的优点于一体，提高了烘干效率和产品质量。     

Effect of soil acidity on the entomophilic nematode Steinernema kraussei Steiner

Summary The free-living stages of Steinernema kraussei (Rhabditida), an endoparasite of Cephalcia abietis L. (Hymenoptera), are exposed to different soil conditions when searching for host nymphs. Field studies and laboratory experiments showed that soil acidity plays a major role in the nematode's ability to parasitize Cephalcia nymphs. Under field conditions in Picea abies forests positive correlations between soil pH and both nematode density and insects parasitized were found. Acidic soil with pH levels below 4.0 may limit the nematode's host-finding. Controlled experiments in the laboratory under different pH conditions confirmed these correlations.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. W. Kühnelt     

地下滴灌专用滴头的研制及初步应用

介绍一种既具有防负压堵塞性能又具备较佳压力补偿性能的地下滴灌专用滴头的设计思路和结构，通过室内试验，对滴头的防负压性、出流均匀性及压力—流量补偿关系等进行测试，并在田间进行实际应用考核。结果表明，这种滴头的结构不仅可以有效地防止因系统负压引起的滴头流道堵塞，同时滴头自身还具有良好的水力学性能。与传统的枣树穴灌方法对比，采用地下滴灌技术可节水约42%，增产26%，节水增产效果显著。     

Spatial changes of soil solution and mineral composition in the rhizosphere of Norway‐spruce seedlings colonized by Piloderma croceum

Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) or the root‐fungal association in forest ecosystems provide a unique soil microenvironment where soil properties and processes differ from the bulk soil. In this study, we would like to better understand the role of ECM systems in mineral weathering and its implications to soil formation and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Specifically, we would like to document the spatial variations in the composition of soil solution and mineralogy of the rhizosphere as influenced by the ECM of Norway spruce + Piloderma croceum. Two‐month‐old seedlings of Norway spruce (control and colonized by P. croceum) were cultivated in special rhizotrons designed to allow spatial collection of soil solution. We used A and C horizons of a Dystric Cambisol collected from Höglwald forest near Munich. Micro suction cups (5 mm x 1mm) were installed in colonized and control rhizotrons, and soil solution was collected from September to November 2000. Our results show that the concentrations of NH , Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in the soil solution were lower in <1.0 cm than in >3.0 cm distance from the roots of Norway spruce, due to the possible range of influence of Piloderma mycelium reaching about 2–3 cm from the surface of the mycorrhizal root. In the rhizotron with soil from the A horizon, a higher phosphorus content in Piloderma‐colonized seedlings was observed. X‐ray diffraction data indicate that chlorite and possibly mica are being transformed to 2:1‐expanding clay minerals (probably smectite) within <1.0 cm distance from roots. The spatial variations in soil solution composition and mineral transformation are likely to be due to Piloderma colonization and concentrated mycelial growth within <1.0 cm distance from the roots. This is also evident in more intricate growth of mycelia on surfaces of micaceous minerals as compared to quartz. We assume that Piloderma modifies soil solution and mineralogy through acquisition of essential elements for its own survival and/or for the uptake by plant roots. However, the presence of spontaneous infection with wildtype ECM in the control plots may have altered the influence of Piloderma and must be taken into consideration when interpreting our results.     

中国城市经济发展水平比较研究——基于环境友好视角

张恨水通过历时近五年的长篇连载小说《春明外史》的撰写,把已有的社会小说类型和言情小说类型糅合到一起,在与读者阅读期待互动中,将言情故事和社会百态展示交相穿插,在创作中将真实人物、事件与虚构想象巧妙结合,使社会言情小说发展成为一种成熟的小说类型模式,极大程度地得到读者的热烈追捧,引领了19世纪20年代社会言情小说创作风潮。     

抽穗至成熟期气温对弱春性小麦千粒重和不孕小穗率的影响

弱春性小麦品种的千粒重和不孕小穗率呈极显著的负相关.抽穗至成熟期间的适温范围是21～26℃.千粒重与抽穗至成熟天数呈极显著的正相关.在抽穗至成熟期间,千粒重与平均日均温呈负相关,与平均日最高温度呈极显著的负相关,而与平均昼夜温差呈极显著的正相关.