玉米开花期间的边界层特征分析

分析了玉米开花期间的边界层温湿风等特征量,结果表明,温度和湿度一般与高度呈相反的变化趋势,并且湿度廓线与理查森数的变化有较好的对应性,能够粗略地反映湍流的稳定度;在200～300 m高空,风速一直很大,可以推测在此高度存在一个较强的大气扩散区;观测期间,温度在18.5～32.0℃时,风速在0.8～5.8 m/s,风向稳定且以偏北风为主,十分有利于玉米授粉。     

宁夏石嘴山市大气能见度的变化趋势及特征

利用石嘴山市国家基本气象站1980—2009年近30年的能见度、相对湿度及天气现象等气象资料,剔除气象因素对能见度的影响,采用累积百分率、"非常好"能见度分析法,分析了由于空气污染造成石嘴山市城市大气能见度的变化趋势。结果表明,1980—2009年石嘴山市能见度总体呈下降趋势,其中夏季下降幅度最大,近年来下降有些趋缓,并有逐步好转趋势。"非常好"能见度出现频率明显下降,其中冬季下降幅度最明显。进入2000年后,能见度和"非常好"能见度出现频率下降的幅度均比较大。     

华北南部沙尘天气特征及其对空气质量影响分析

利用华北南部邯郸市16个站1980～2009年的逐日气象资料,对沙尘天气的地理分布特征、沙尘日数的年际变化规律、沙尘日数的年变化以及日变化进行了分析,初步总结出沙尘天气的时空分布特征,并浅析了沙尘天气对空气质量的影响。     

基于CMAQ的空气质量模拟预报系统构建

介绍了一种由Gambas语言开发的界面化CMAQ空气质量模拟预报系统。该系统适用于使用Linux操作系统的计算机,整合气象模式(MM5和WRF)、污染排放模式(SMOKE)和空气质量模式(CMAQ),支持GRIB1和GRIB2格式的气象数据,通过图形化参数设置和自动化模块调用实现空气质量自动模拟或预报。测试表明,该系统可以进行多种尺度的空气质量模拟和预报,操作简单,有助于空气质量数值模拟技术的推广。     

张家港地区不同防虫网覆盖方式下设施环境变化规律

通过使用智能型温湿度记录仪,以露地为对照,对夏季高温季节3种防虫网覆盖方式下(水平棚架覆盖、大棚覆盖、连栋大棚覆盖)设施内的空气温湿度进行连续记录,初步摸索出3种防虫网覆盖方式下设施内温湿度的变化规律。试验结果表明,高温晴天不同处理防虫网内的温度都高于露地,防虫网+连栋大棚模式设施内温湿度随着外界温度变化最大,温度最高时,防虫网+连栋大棚湿度最低,气温降低后湿度又升高得最快;雨天不同处理温度都差不多,防虫网+连栋大棚覆盖下湿度最低;阴天温度下午最高,各处理温度差别不大,防虫网+连栋大棚的湿度最低;雨转晴后防虫网+连栋大棚温度升高最快,湿度降低最快;所以防虫网+连栋大棚覆盖最适合夏季叶菜类栽培,高温低湿可有效防止烂菜,全封闭的生长和管理模式也可起到很好的防虫效果。     

气温骤降下杨树中总酚与木质素动态变化

以银中杨、迎春5号杨为材料,测定在秋季气温骤降期杨树叶片、枝皮中总酚及木质素含量的动态变化,并将其与同时期气温的变化进行相关性分析。结果表明:当秋季气温下降时,杨树叶片及迎春5号杨枝皮中总酚类物质含量上升,与气温呈显著或极显著负相关;叶片中木质素则随着气温的下降而下降,与最低气温间呈显著或极显著正相关;气温骤降下,杨树中总酚类物质含量上升可能与其抗寒性密切相关。     

紫色土埂坎根-土复合体土水特性与抗剪强度

研究根-土复合体土-水特征曲线与抗剪强度的关系,可为紫色土埂坎根-土复合体强化机理的揭示与埂坎稳定性的维持提供科学依据。选取三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕地埂坎草本植物根—土复合体为研究对象,结合Hyprop2土壤水分特征曲线测量仪、滤纸法与直剪试验,拟合土-水特征曲线,揭示基质吸力对根-土复合体抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:(1)根-土复合体土-水特征曲线明显分为边界效应区、过渡区与非饱和残余区,3种常用模型(B-C、VG、F-X)中F-X模型拟合该曲线效果最好,根-土复合体饱和含水率、进气吸力、残余区含水率以及相同体积含水率下的基质吸力均高于素土。(2)随着体积含水率降低,根-土复合体黏聚力先增大后减小,试验范围内黏聚力最大值51.25 kPa出现在体积含水率约23%时,内摩擦角则线性增大。相同体积含水率下,根-土复合体黏聚力较素土最大增加50%,内摩擦角提升不大。(3)基质吸力对根-土复合体抗剪强度的增强作用具有阶段性特征,各阶段临界吸力值与土-水特征曲线一致,过渡区(基质吸力为3~500 kPa)土体抗剪强度提高明显,进入非饱和残余区后(基质吸力>500 kPa)由于黏聚力下降,土体抗剪强度增速减慢,根-土复合体抗剪强度随基质吸力增大而提升的幅度大于素土。通过建立埂坎根-土复合体土-水特征曲线和抗剪强度的关系,可估测实际工况下的埂坎土体抗剪强度,进而为坡耕地埂坎的建设、维护管理以及坡耕地侵蚀阻控提供理论依据。     

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS IN A DOG

A young dog was presented for cyanosis and right heart failure. Radiographic and CT characteristics included right heart/pulmonary artery enlargement, hepatomegaly, abdominal effusion, and severe, generalized air‐space filling. Focal increased opacities were present in the peripheral lung, as were multiple pulmonary blebs and bullae. Echocardiographic findings were consistent with cor pulmonale and pulmonary hypertension. Bronchoscopic findings were consistent with chronic inflammation. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) was confirmed at necropsy. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is an interstitial lung disease that results in accumulation of phospholipoproteinaceous material and should be included as a differential diagnosis for dogs with these clinical and imaging characteristics.     

空气能热泵烤房与传统密集烤房烟叶烘烤成本及质量对比研究

[目的]寻找一种更安全、环保、节能的烤烟烘烤方法.[方法]研究分析空气能热泵烤房和传统密集烤房进行烟叶烘烤的烟叶烘烤成本及烤后烟叶质量.[结果]试验表明,在烟叶部位和含水量相似的情况下,空气能热泵烤房烘烤的烟叶可节省烘烤成本0.40元/kg以上;空气能热泵烤房烘烤的烟叶烤后烟叶外观质量优于燃煤方式烘烤的烟叶;空气能烤房不会产生废气、废渣,避免了环境污染.[结论]利用空气能热泵烤房进行烟叶烘烤可减轻劳动强度,降低烘烤成本,同时实现节能环保.     

Dynamics of upward and downward N2O and CO2 fluxes in ploughed or no-tilled soils in relation to water-filled pore space, compaction and crop presence

Sharp peaks in nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes under no-tillage in wet conditions appear to be related to near surface soil and crop cover conditions. Here we explored some of the factors influencing tillage effects on short-term variations in gas flux so that we could learn about the mechanisms involved. Field investigations revealed that a cumulative emission of 13 kg N₂O–N ha⁻¹ over a 12-week period was possible under no-tillage for spring barley. We investigated how reducing crop cover and changing the structural arrangement of the water-filled pore space (WFPS) by short-term laboratory compaction influenced N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in upward and downward directions in core samples from tilled and untilled soil. Increasing the downward flux of N₂O within a soil profile by changing soil or moisture conditions may increase the likelihood of its further reduction to N₂ or dissolution. We took undisturbed cores from 3 to 8 cm depth, equilibrated them to −1 or −6 kPa matric potential, incubated them and measured N₂O and CO₂ fluxes from the upper and lower surfaces in a purpose-designed apparatus before and after compaction in an uniaxial tester. We also measured WFPS, air permeability, bulk density and air-filled porosity before and after compaction. Spring barley was tested in 1999 and winter barley in 2000.Fluxes of N₂O were from 1.5 to 35 times higher from no-tilled than ploughed even where the soil was of similar bulk density. Reduction of the crop cover increased CO₂ flux and could reduce N₂O flux. The effects of structural changes induced by laboratory compaction on the fluxes of N₂O and CO₂ were not influenced greatly by the tillage and crop cover treatments. Fluxes from the upper surfaces of cores (corresponding to 3 cm soil depth, upwards direction) could be up to 100 times greater (N₂O) or 8 times (CO₂) than from the lower surfaces (8 cm depth, downwards direction). These differences between surfaces were greatest when N₂O fluxes were very high in no-tilled soil (4.2 mg N₂O–N m⁻² h⁻¹) as occurred when WFPS exceeded 80% or became blocked with water, an effect that was increased by our compaction treatment. In general N₂O fluxes increased with WFPS. The production and emission of N₂O were strongly influenced by the soil physical environment, the magnitude of the water-filled pore space and continuity of the air-filled pore space in particular, produced in no-till versus plough cultivation.