我国农产品加工业的成就与展望

改革开放30年来,我国农产品加工方面取得突出成就．科技攻关突飞猛进,与世界发达国家的差距越来越小：产品加工业总量快速增长,产业成长快速化,加工企业规模化;农产品加工业由初加工向深加工、专业化转变：农产品加工业的区域发展新格局初步形成．出现了一大批优势农产品加工业产业集群。随着国务院《关于当前稳定农业发展促进农民增收的意见》的实施,我国农产品加工业必将迎来又一个大发展,顺利完成“十一五”规划。     

加快松溪县农业产业化发展的思考

基于目前中国农业经营模式的基础上,分析了松溪县农业产业化的现状．对该县农业产业化发展的优势与劣势进行了探讨,并针对松溪县的农业产业化发展困境,提出了促进该县农业产业化快速发展的战略措施。     

Effects of landscape structure on nest predation in roadsides of a midwestern agroecosystem: a multiscale analysis

Nest predation is an important cause of mortality for many bird species, especially in grassland ecosystems where generalist predators have responded positively to human disturbance and landscape fragmentation. Our study evaluated the influence of the composition and configuration of the surrounding landscape on nest predation. Transects consisting of 10 artificial ground nests each were set up in 136 roadsides in six watersheds in south-central Iowa. Nest predation on individual roadside transects ranged from 0 to 100% and averaged 23%. The relationship of landscape structure within spatially-nested landscapes surrounding each roadside transect (within 200, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 m of the transect line) to nest predation was evaluated by using multiple regression and canonical correlation analyses. The results of this multiscale landscape analysis demonstrated that predation on ground nests was affected by the surrounding landscape mosaic and that nest predators with different-sized home ranges and habitat affinities responded to landscapes in different ways. In general, wooded habitats were associated with greater nest predation, whereas herbaceous habitats (except alfalfa/pasture) either were associated with less nest predation or were not important. Different landscape variables were important at different spatial scales. Whereas some block-cover habitats such as woodland were important at all scales, others such as rowcrops and alfalfa/pasture were important at large scales. Some strip-cover habitats such as gravel roads and paved roads were important at small scales, but others such as wooded roadsides were important at all all scales. Most landscape metrics (e.g., mean patch size and edge density) were important at large scales. Our study demonstrated that the relationships between landscape structure and predator assemblages are complex, thus making efforts to enhance avian productivity in agricultural landscapes a difficult management goal.     

河北省土壤水资源划区探讨

综述了土壤水和土壤水资源的概念以及土壤水资源划区的意义,以土壤的地带性规律为基础,与农业综合区划相协调并保持乡级行政区界的完整性为划区原则,提出了河北省土壤水资源的划区方案.即河北省土壤水资源分为区、亚区和片3级,共划分为7个土壤水资源区、14个土壤水资源亚区和28个土壤水资源片.     

Yield and soil system changes from conservation tillage in dryland farming: A case study from North Eastern Tanzania

Yield levels in smallholder farming systems in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa are generally low. Water shortage in the root zone during critical crop development stages is a fundamental constraining factor. While there is ample evidence to show that conservation tillage can promote soil health, it has recently been suggested that the main benefit in semi-arid farming systems may in fact be an in situ water harvesting effect. In this paper we present the result from an on-farm conservation tillage experiment (combining ripping with mulch and manure application) that was carried out in North Eastern Tanzania from 2005 to 2008. Special attention was given to the effects of the tested treatment on the capacity of the soil to retain moisture. The tested conservation treatment only had a clear yield increasing effect during one of the six experimental seasons (maize grain yields increased by 41%, and biomass by 65%), and this was a season that received exceptional amounts of rainfall (549 mm). While the other seasons provided mixed results, there seemed to be an increasing yield gap between the conservation tillage treatment and the control towards the end of the experiment, and cumulatively the yield increased with 17%. Regarding soil system changes, small but significant effects on chemical and microbiological properties, but not on physical properties, were observed. This raises questions about the suggested water harvesting effect and its potential to contribute to stabilized yield levels under semi-arid conditions. We conclude that, at least in a shorter time perspective, the tested type of conservation tillage seems to boost productivity during already good seasons, rather than stabilize harvests during poor rainfall seasons. Highlighting the challenges involved in upgrading these farming systems, we discuss the potential contribution of conservation tillage towards improved water availability in the crop root zone in a longer term perspective.     

基于手机二维条码识别的农产品质量安全追溯系统

针对现有农产品质量安全追溯中成本高、追溯设备便携性差等问题,设计了基于手机二维条码识别的农产品质量安全追溯系统。阐述了系统的架构和主要功能设计,并对系统采用Nokia 3款手机为实验终端在手机摄像头与条码不同的距离处进行了最佳识别距离、识别时间、识别率和准确率的测试,食品包装袋和标签纸上条码平均识别时间分别为7.3 s和5.1 s,平均识别率分别为67.8%和75.6%,准确率均可达到100%,识别的最佳距离为10 cm左右,最短识别时间仅为6.4 s和3.4 s。测试结果表明,该系统可以方便用户快速识别产品的二维条码标签,为消费者提供了一种新的追溯手段。     

磁化水在农业上的应用

介绍了磁化作用后水的物化特性的变化,分别从磁化水灌溉可以促进种子萌发与幼苗生长、可以提高产量,改善土壤盐碱性,提高水资源利用率等方面介绍了磁化水在农业上的应用,并从分子团大小的角度分析了磁化水作用的机理,同时对各种磁化方式进行了对比分析,最后介绍了磁化水处理技术的广泛应用前景。      

农产品视频履历追溯系统设计

针对目前农产品追溯系统中履历信息单一化和信息量少的问题,设计了一个以实现生产过程中质量追溯为目的的农产品视频履历追溯系统.基于ARM9嵌入式技术与H.264压缩技术相结合对农产品生产过程进行视频履历的采集和压缩处理,应用3G无线传输技术对视频履历进行传输,通过生产服务器对视频履历进行存储,以.NET为平台开发了用户对农产品视频履历追溯系统的软件.该系统可采集农产品生产过程各个阶段的视频履历,为农产品追溯提供了更直观、更丰富、更具说服力的履历信息.该系统运行结果表明,系统具有通用性强、可靠性高、稳定性好、便携式等特点,可方便地应用于温室、农田等各种农产品生产的环境,从而满足用户的不同需求.     

虚拟现实系统中农业装备模型转换方

对几种典型的农业装备虚拟现实系统模型建立方法进行研究,比较分析了各自的优缺点.在VC++6.0环境下,通过UG和Creator双方二次开发相结合的方法,实现了从UG(CAD)到Creator(VR)的模型转换,通过直接转换建立了农业装备的虚拟现实模型.经过在虚拟现实系统中实验测试,该转换模型满足了农业装备虚拟现实的要求.     

基于粒子滤波的苹果采摘机器人目标姿态估算

针对苹果采摘机器人中果实姿态信息缺失造成果实损伤及采摘失败等问题,根据苹果尾部花萼遗迹区域是否可见分析了果实姿态信息机器视觉测量方法,研究了果实姿态信息的粒子滤波估计。将单目摄像机固定在机器人末端手爪上,在手爪趋近果实的采摘过程中,随机采集多帧果实图像。对每帧图像运用惯性主轴或重心点偏移两种方法计算果实在机器人坐标系下的姿态向量值,并通过粒子滤波融合来得到果实姿态信息的最优估计。实验结果表明,粒子滤波方法可以有效地融合多帧图像的苹果姿态信息,能够减小因依靠单帧图像直接测量而产生的误差。