社会发展新时期农业院校中的化学教育研究

结合社会发展新时期的时代特征与农业院校人才培养的时代特色,认为化学课程作为农业院校的基础课,受到了各种新事物的冲击。就化学教育的现状、存在问题以及应对措施展开了研究。     

Adaptive management in agricultural innovation systems: The interactions between innovation networks and their environment

The purpose of this article is to investigate effective reformism: strategies that innovation networks deploy to create changes in their environment in order to establish a more conducive context for the realization and durable embedding of their innovation projects. Using a case study approach, effective reformism efforts are analyzed in a technological innovation trajectory related to the implementation of a new poultry husbandry system and an organizational innovation trajectory concerning new ways of co-operation among individual farms to establish economies of scale. The findings reinforce the idea, emerging from a complexity perspective on agricultural innovation systems, that interaction between innovation networks and their environment is only steerable to a limited extent. Nonetheless, innovation networks can enhance effective reformism by creating tangible visions that serve as vehicles to create understanding about the innovation and mobilize support for it, and by employing several kinds of boundary spanning individuals that are able to forge effective connections between innovation networks and their environment. Because innovation networks can only partially influence their institutional environment, and because unintended consequences of actions and random events influence the course of the innovation process, innovation network actors need to continuously re-interpret the contexts in which they move. This constant reflection by the innovating actors on their position vis-à-vis their environment needs to be supported by dedicated facilitators and monitoring and evaluation methods aimed at system learning. This implies that agricultural innovation policies should, instead of aiming to fully plan and control innovation, foster the emergence of such flexible support instruments that enable adaptive innovation management.     

当前我国农村对农机需求特点分析

农业机械工业是生产农业机械,为种植业、林业、畜牧业、农村副业与渔业提供生产和加工设备的产业。它直接为现代农业发展提供装备及生产手段,对加快我国农业产业化和农业基础设施建设的步伐具有关键性作用。笔者立足我国农村的现实,深入分析了当前我国农村对农机的需求的特点。     

Agricultural intensification in the Sahel – The ladder approach

Agricultural intensification in the Sahel can be described as climbing a ladder. The capital, labour, management and institutional requirements increase when farmers climb the ladder, but the potential gains are also higher. The first step on this ladder are agricultural practices without any financial outlay but with increasing labour demand, such as organic fertilizer use, seed priming, water harvesting and harvesting grains at physiological maturity to improve fodder quality. The next step on the ladder is the use of micro-fertilising, popularly known as microdose, at the rate of 0.3 g NPK fertilizer per pocket in sorghum and millet. The following step is the development of improved crop/livestock systems characterized by use of higher rates of mineral fertilisers and manure, increasing cowpea density and improved animal fattening. The last step presented on the ladder is the development of more commercially orientated agriculture characterized by development of cash crops, milk production and/or agroforestry systems. Evidences from the field support the observation that farmers intensify their production in a sequential manner similar to the way described in this paper. The technologies presented can facilitate agricultural intensification by reducing the risks and minimising the cost in agricultural production.     

Sensitivity to information upscaling of agro-ecological assessments: Application to soil organic carbon management

Upscaling of agro-ecological indicators applied in regional analyses is sensitive to scale issues of the input data. This study develops a methodology to quantify this sensitivity for an indicator of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics at the farming system level. A reference case consists of seven fully described farms in northern Italy. Both upscaling in complexity by substituting measured input with estimated input and upscaling in space by extending the methods to farms not included in the reference case are addressed. The indicator increased with 3-107% at four farms after substituting measured management input with that estimated by an expert, whereas it remained unchanged or decreased at the other three farms. Taking the modal value from a cluster of pedological input did not lead to additional uncertainty in most cases, and only slightly increased it in others. We evaluated spatial upscaling by including 733 farms divided in 18 clusters that were described with less information as compared to the reference farms. Within each cluster, we observed relevant variability of the indicator (coefficients of variation of 12-43%), as a consequence of the heterogeneity of farms comprised in each cluster. In each cluster we calculated the indicator for one virtual farm, defined by using modal values for basic farm inputs. In this case the indicator was highly correlated (R² = 0.98) with the average of the values obtained using measured basic farm inputs. We conclude that upscaling in complexity and space introduces uncertainty in the values of the indicator compared to the reference case. The extent of such differences depends on the variability of the systems under analysis and on indicator sensitivity.     

有机卷烟发展现状及前景分析

在综述国内外有机烟草发展的基础上,分析了当前国内外有机卷烟市场发展现状。归纳分析了国内外有机烟草生产栽培的方式,并针对我国有机卷烟发展遇到的困难和制约因素,提出了加快有机卷烟发展的措施建议,展望了有机卷烟发展的前景。     

我国农村·农民贫困根源的实证分析

我国农村、农民的贫困直接表现为 :农民收入过低、收入增幅呈逐年下降趋势 ;农民贫富差距悬殊、两极分化严重 ;城乡差距进一步拉大。而我国农村、农民贫困的根源主要表现在 :小农户、大市场的矛盾 ;农村教育水平极端落后 ;农业剩余劳动力转移不畅 ;农村社会保障制度滞后 ;国家财政对农业、农村投入不足。     

本溪市区雷暴天气气候特征及其对农业的影响

根据本溪市区46年气象资料的统计分析,总结出了该地区雷暴天气气候规律和特征,并分析了该地区因雷暴天气灾害频发,造成农业诸多方面灾情,影响和破坏了粮食产量质量及农业基础设施;同时,提出利用雷暴天气规律和特征,指导农业生产活动,并提出防御对策。     

1987—1991年《沈阳农业大学学报》综合分析与评价(Ⅰ)

对全国30家农业高校学报分析结果表明,有80％的学报采用计算机排版胶印,而仅有20％的学报仍采用落后的铅字排印,《沈阳农业大学学报》排印方式较落后,亟待采用计算机排版胶印;其次,该学报编辑人员偏少,比全国农业高校学报平均编辑人数4.63人少1.63人,并且专业编辑结构缺口,也需调整;再次,该学报编辑人均年发稿量、加工量和校对量比全国农业高校学报的平均值分别高5.1,15.4,20.4万字符/人·年,编辑人员超工作量工作;该学报的百页定价仅为0.93元,比全国农业高校学报的平均百页定价低O.88元,故需适当上调定价;该学报校外稿采用率基本稳定在15％～30％之间,而该校作者稿件外投率达64.7％,但该学报通过缩短稿件发表周期使本校稿件外投率呈逐年下降趋势。     

论人工神经网络在农业工程中的应用

介绍了应用人工神经网络解决问题的基本原理，论述了人工神经网络在农业工程中的应用，及可能的应用范围，最后给出了在农业工程中应用人工神经网络要注意的问题。