不同土地利用方式土壤温室气体排放对碳氮添加的响应

揭示不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O产生机制及其CO2和CH4的排放,有助于土壤温室气体减排措施的制定。本研究以长沙金井河流域酸性红壤上菜地、稻田、茶园和林地土壤为研究对象,控制温度和土壤含水量,采用静态培养-气相色谱法,研究4种利用方式土壤N2O、CO2和CH4的排放对不同碳氮和硝化抑制剂添加的响应。结果表明,由于土壤pH较低,酸性红壤外加氮源后仅有较小的N2O排放。葡萄糖能够促进尿素添加后N2O的排放及土壤反硝化作用N2O的排放。异养硝化作用可能是酸性红壤N2O产生的主要途径。硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对酸性红壤N2O减排无明显效果。碳氮添加后土壤N2O的总排放量表现为茶园 > 菜地 > 稻田 > 林地。外源有机碳能够显著促进4种利用方式土壤CO2的排放,表现为茶园、稻田 > 菜地、林地。但除稻田土壤CH4排放增加外,菜地、茶园和林地土壤CH4排放对外源有机碳无明显响应。     

基于非线性模型的电气离合器执行系统位置伺服控制

为了实现电气离合器执行系统的位置伺服控制,构建了离合器气动执行系统。通过运用引入死区的滑模控制算法于系统,采用不基于模型的控制实现离合器气动执行系统对参考运动轨迹的跟踪,利用轨迹跟踪过程中气缸的气压驱动力间接估计离合器的载荷特性。理论上采用此方法间接估计到的值误差小,更加贴近离合器在此种轨迹运动下实际的载荷特性。试验表明引入估计得到的离合器载荷特性模型于基于模型的积分滑模控制器可以很大程度提高离合器气动执行系统轨迹跟踪精度。     

植物根际促生菌普城沙雷菌A21-4对黄瓜生长及土壤微生态的影响

为探讨植物根际促生菌普城沙雷菌A21-4在黄瓜上的应用效果,将A21-4菌悬液灌注到黄瓜根际土壤,调查其对黄瓜生长发育和根际土壤微生态的影响。结果表明,根部灌注A21-4能显著促进苗期和田间生育期黄瓜生长发育,并显著提高根系活力、产量和品质,黄瓜产量比对照增加32.22%,且黄瓜果实中蛋白质、可溶性糖和VC含量均比对照显著增加;同时,A21-4对黄瓜根际土壤具有明显的调节作用,显著提高了黄瓜根际土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,还提高了黄瓜根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量及黄瓜根际土壤速效氮、磷、钾的含量。     

不同稻草还田模式下双季稻田周年CH4排放特征及温室效应

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对南方双季稻田稻季无草翻耕冬季休闲(CK)、周年稻草焚烧还田翻耕(BST)、稻季稻草覆盖免耕冬季高桩(SNTH)、稻季稻草覆盖免耕冬季翻埋(SNTB)和稻季稻草翻耕还田冬季稻草翻埋(STB)5种稻草还田模式下双季稻田周年CH4排放进行观测,分析双季稻田周年CH4排放特征及其温室效应,旨在探索双季稻田CH4减排最佳的稻草还田方式及土壤耕作调控技术模式。结果表明:早、晚稻季CH4排放总量分别占全年CH4排放总量的43.9%和52.1%,冬闲季CH4排放比例很小,仅为4.0%;稻草还田显著增加了周年CH4排放总量(P<0.05),增加幅度为25.9%~92.8%(P<0.05),与STB处理相比,SNTH处理和SNTB处理均能显著降低CH4排放(P<0.05);不同稻草还田处理周年CH4温室效应大小顺序为:STB>BST>SNTB>SNTH>CK。可以看出,双季稻田稻季稻草覆盖免耕还田、冬季翻埋稻草还田或留桩还田能显著减缓因稻草直接还田CH4排放引起的温室效应,在南方双季稻区是一项可行的CH4周年减排的稻草还田调控技术模式。     

水稻根际和周围土壤中微生物功能基因丰度与碳、氮状况及其通量之间的关系

Rapid nitrogen（N） transformations and losses occur in the rice rhizosphere through root uptake and microbial activities. However,the relationships between rice roots and rhizosphere microbes for N utilization are still unclear. We analyzed different N forms（NH＋4,NO-3, and dissolved organic N）, microbial biomass N and C, dissolved organic C, CH4 and N2O emissions, and abundance of microbial functional genes in both rhizosphere and bulk soils after 37-d rice growth in a greenhouse pot experiment. Results showed that the dissolved organic C was significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the non-rhizosphere bulk soil, but microbial biomass C showed no significant difference. The concentrations of NH＋4, dissolved organic N, and microbial biomass N in the rhizosphere soil were significantly lower than those of the bulk soil, whereas NO-3in the rhizosphere soil was comparable to that in the bulk soil. The CH4 and N2O fluxes from the rhizosphere soil were much higher than those from the bulk soil. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the abundance of seven selected genes, bacterial and archaeal 16 S rRNA genes, amoA genes of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, nosZ gene, mcrA gene, and pmoA gene, was lower in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil, which is contrary to the results of previous studies. The lower concentration of N in the rhizosphere soil indicated that the competition for N in the rhizosphere soil was very strong, thus having a negative effect on the numbers of microbes. We concluded that when N was limiting, the growth of rhizosphere microorganisms depended on their competitive abilities with rice roots for N.     

固液反应球磨制备Al-Cu-Co三元金属间化合物

利用固液反应球磨技术制备了Al-Cu-Co三元合金．分别采用Co球球磨Al-33．2％Cu(此文中的百分比为质量分数)，Al-54％Cu(A12Cu)和Al-70％Cu(A1QJ)二元合金熔体，在923K和973K球磨Al-33．2％Cu熔体12h后生成Al65Co15Cu20粉末；在923K和1023K球磨24h后生成Al69Co25Cu6粉末，在893K和993K分别球磨Al-54％Cu(A12Cu)合金熔体12h和24h后均生成Al65Co15Cu2n粉末；在1123K球磨Al-70％Cu合金熔体24h后生成Al65Co15Cu20粉末．采用Al-Cu-Co固液反应球磨得到的金属间化合物粉末为纳米粒子．同时，对Al-Cu-Co三元合金相形成的规律进行了研究，对固液反应球磨机理进行了探讨．在固液反应球磨过程中，三元合金产物的元素摩尔比接近于二元母合金中的元素摩尔比；三元合金产物成分中固相第三组元的成分含量与二元母合金熔体成分有很大关系；提高反应球磨温度、延长球磨时间有利于三元合金产物的形成；延长球磨时间，形成的三元合金产物中磨球的成分增加；反应球磨温度超出二元母合金熔点越高，球磨反应越容易进行．     

Seasonal dynamics of mineral N pools and N-mineralization in soils under homegarden trees in South Andaman,India

Agroforestry trees are now well known to play a central role in the build up of nutrients pools and their transformations similar to that of forest ecosystem, however, information on the potential of homegarden trees accumulating and releasing nitrogen (mineralization) is lacking. The present study reports seasonal variations in pool sizes of mineral N (NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N), and net N-mineralization rate in relation to rainfall and temperature under coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt. Nees) trees in a coconut-spice trees plantation for two annual cycles in the equatorial humid climate of South Andaman Island of India. Concentration of NH₄⁺-N was the highest during wet season (May–October) and the lowest during post-wet season (November–January) under all the tree species. On the contrary, concentration of NO₃⁻-N was the lowest in the wet season and the highest during the post-wet season. However, concentrations of the mineral N were the highest under the nutmeg and the lowest under the coconut trees. Like the pool sizes, mean annual mineralization was the highest under the nutmeg (561 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and the lowest under the coconut trees (393 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Rate of mineralization was the highest during the post-wet season and the lowest during the dry season (February–April) under all the tree species. High rainfall during the wet season, however, reduced the rate of nitrification under all the tree species. The mean annual mineralization was logarithmically related with rainfall amount and mean monthly temperature.     

基于ARIMA模型的湘江流域DO和NH4+–N含量贝叶斯预测

为实时把控湘江流域水质的变化趋势,采用污染比较严重的湘江流域长沙段和益阳段水质指标溶解氧(DO)和氨氮(NH_4~+-N)含量的监测数据,用贝叶斯方法推断经典的ARIMA时间序列模型,并用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)模拟方法对DO和NH_4~+-N含量进行贝叶斯预测。结果表明,该模型的贝叶斯预测能实现对湘江流域长沙段和益阳段水质指标DO和NH_4~+-N含量的精确点预测、区间预测和概率预测。     

元谋干热河谷坡面表层土壤力学特性对其抗冲性的影响

为了研究元谋干热河谷区坡面表层土壤的抗侵蚀性能,通过对燥红土机械组成、团聚体组成、基质吸力、黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ等参数的分析,并用原状土进行冲刷试验测定土壤的抗冲指数ANS,探讨了这些参数对土壤抗冲性的影响。结果表明,土壤分散率和ANS(soilanti-scourability)呈一元三次多项式变化,随着分散率的逐渐增加,ANS逐渐下降,ANS随着平均重量直径MWD的增大呈幂函数增长,随着基质吸力、黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ的逐渐增加,ANS也呈对数函数增长;ANS与各力学参数的相关程度依次为:抗剪强度τf>φ>MWD>分散率>基质吸力>c,逐步回归表明,黏聚力c、平均重量直径MWD和抗剪强度τf与ANS呈较好的线性关系(R2复=0.983),偏相关系数(RMWD(0.915)>Rc(0.829)>Rτf(0.776))表明水稳性团聚体的稳定性、颗粒及团聚体之间的胶结凝聚力和土壤抵抗水流的剪切破坏力对ANS影响较大。     

菜籽油裂解燃料离子液体催化酯化反应降酸工艺的研究

为了降低裂解燃料酸值,增加燃料的稳定性能,将吡啶丁烷磺酸硫酸氢盐应用于菜籽油裂解燃料的酯化反应。考察了催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等对酸值的影响,并在最佳优化条件下考察了裂解燃料成品的理化性质。结果表明:吡啶丁烷磺酸硫酸氢盐对催化酯化反应具有很高的催化活性。优化工艺条件为:催化剂用量1.2%、反应温度75℃、反应时间70 min,在此工艺条件下,酸值降低到1.0 mgKOH/g以下。