新疆塔城地区边境草原蝗虫发生现状及防治对策

对塔城地区草原蝗灾现状进行了叙述,回顾了近年来蝗灾发生的危害及特点,总结了蝗灾发生的自然基础和人为因素,归纳了当前控制蝗灾方面的技术手段并对其效果进行分析评价。文章认为当前蝗灾多发的根源在于人为和自然因素造成的草原生态环境的急剧恶化,指出当下防控工作的关键在于保护和恢复草原生态以消除蝗灾发生的生态基础,大力加强蝗灾预警能力,同时注重加强与邻国的蝗情信息共享。     

大豆共生固氮能力对土壤无机氮浓度的响应与调控

通过对国内外大豆共生固氮总量及占大豆一生需氮量的比例,以及大豆共生固氮能力对土壤无机氮浓度的响应的综述,提出了如何提高大豆共生固氮能力的途径。明确了协调土壤环境氮浓度和大豆根瘤固氮之间的关系,是充分发挥大豆共生固氮潜力和提高产量的关键所在。     

湖北省主要茶区土壤环境状况分析

通过对湖北省鄂西、鄂东、鄂西北、宜昌和鄂南茶区茶园的土壤酸碱度、重金属Cu、Pb、As、Hg、Cd和Cr的含量测定以及农药残留状况的分析,结合土壤环境质量评价国家标准(GB15618-1995)和有机茶产地环境条件农业标准(NY5199-2002),明确了湖北省主要茶区茶园土壤环境状况。结果表明,部分茶区土壤酸化严重,个别茶园受重金属轻度污染。五大茶区中,以宜昌茶区土壤重金属污染较重。湖北省主要茶区共13个茶园土壤农药有残留,占总量的21.3%,共检出六六六(BHC)、滴滴涕(DDT)、三氯杀螨醇(Dicofol)和联苯菊酯(Biphenthrin)4种农药残留,不同茶区检出种类和比例不同。整体看来,湖北省主要茶区茶园土壤环境状况良好。     

简述大豆高产栽培技术措施

一、整地大豆高产要求的土壤状况是：活土层较深,既要通气良好,又要蓄水保肥,地面应平整细碎。合理深翻,细致整地,能改善土壤环境,熟化土壤,蓄水保墒,提高土壤肥力,并能减轻杂草和病虫危害,是实现大豆苗全苗壮的基础,更是大豆高产的前提。     

某废弃铅冶炼企业周边土壤和蔬菜的铅含量及分布特征

为了解并掌握废弃铅冶炼企业对周边环境的影响程度及范围,在湖北某废弃铅冶炼企业周边按照扇形布点法采集表层土壤样品102个、蔬菜样品69个,分别采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法检测样品铅含量,分析土壤环境和蔬菜样品铅含量的空间分布。结果表明,废弃铅冶炼企业周边土壤铅含量的几何均数为39.8 mg·kg^-1,高于湖北省土壤背景值 （26.7 mg·kg^-1）。土壤铅的地质累积指数平均值为0.09,其中,36.4%的土壤采样点地质累积指数大于0。距离废弃铅冶炼企业500、1000 m和1500 m采样点的地质累积指数平均值分别为2.11、0.61和0.33,而2000 m及其以外土壤铅的地质累积指数平均值均小于0。白菜、萝卜和葱铅含量的超标率分别为24.0%、36.0%和6.3%,其内梅罗综合指数分别为8.12、4.38和1.26。废弃铅冶炼企业周边土壤和蔬菜在500 m范围内污染最为严重,土壤在500～2000 m之间呈轻度或中度污染;白菜、萝卜和葱受到铅污染的最大影响距离分别在500～1000、1000～1500 m和500～1000 m之间,其分别呈现重度、重度和轻度污染,且在企业周边呈现明显的污染和富集特征。     

不同覆盖物对红壤旱坡地土壤环境和花生生长的影响

以种植花生的红壤旱坡地为对象,研究液态地膜覆盖(LFM)、塑料地膜覆盖(PFM)、稻草覆盖(SM)和无覆盖(NM)对土壤环境和花生生长效应的影响。结果表明:有覆盖物可以显著增加土壤含水量,调节土壤温度,加快花生光合作用,使花生干物质的分配更合理,且提高花生产量;不同覆盖物对土壤和花生生长等各项指标的综合效应不同,表现为稻草覆盖塑料地膜液态地膜无覆盖。     

土壤环境因子对乌鲁木齐地区灌木群落分布的影响

在多元划分的基础上,使用典型对应分析(CCA)对乌鲁木齐地区的灌木物种进行排序,研究影响该地区灌木群落类型的因素,以及与主要环境因子的关系,结果表明:1 CCA排序图较好地显示了灌木群落与主要环境因子的相关性,并指示了灌木物种的生境梯度;2海拔较土壤环境因子对灌木群落分布的影响更显著;3土壤环境因子中,不同土壤层次处土壤全盐含量对灌木群落的分布有重要的作用,全磷含量的影响最小;4研究区灌木群落更易生活在粗质土壤中;5表层土壤性质决定了山地灌丛及灌木荒漠的分布格局,中-浅层和深层土壤的影响较小。     

Effects of Land Use on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soils and Sources Analysis

Heavy metal accumulation and its influential factors were studied in the different land use soils, which would provide a theoretical basis for controlling the content of heavy metals in soils. To identify the effects of land use on the accumulation of heavy metals in soils, 148 soil samples were collected from four land use patterns including greenhouse field, uncovered vegetable field, maize field, and forest field in Siping area of Jilin Province, China, and Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, and Zn contents of those samples were determined with ICP and ICP-Mass. The result showed that there was a rather large difference in effects of the accumulation of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Zn in soils under different land use patterns, except Pb. Based on the assessment which compared with background concentrations in soil, the higher accumulation of heavy metals was found in greenhouse and uncovered vegetable field, much less in maize field and forest field. The mean contents of heavy metals in soils from high to low were arranged in order of greenhouse field, uncovered vegetable field, maize field, and forest field. Cd and Cu had relatively serious accumulation in soils compared to Cr, Ni, As, and Zn. The mean content of Cd in greenhouse field was 0.467 mg kg-x,which exceeded the grade II of the Chinese Soil Quality Criterion GB15618-1995 （6.5 〈pH〈7.5） for Cd standard of 0.3 mg kg^-1, while it was 5.2 times of Cd standard in the forest fields. The mean contents ofCr, Ni, Cu, As, Pb, and Zn in soils under four land use patterns were lower than the grade II of the Chinese Soil Quality Criterion. Compared with the soil cultivated years, the agricultural chemical compounds and manures application, especially the quality and quantity of applied fertilizer was one of the main reasons for leading to different accumulation of heavy metals in soils under the studied land use patterns. The accumulation of heavy metals, such as Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Zn in soils was significantly affected by land use patterns, among them the accumulation of heavy metals in greenhouse soils was higher than others. It is suggested that the application of chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and pesticides with high contents of heavy metals should be avoided to prevent the accumulation of heavy metal and keep high quality soils for sustainable use.     

攀枝花市芒果基地土壤环境质量评价

调查了攀枝花市3个主要芒果种植基地土壤重金属(铅、镉、镍、铬、铜、锌、砷、汞)含量状况,并采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法进行分析评价。结果表明,各基地土壤重金属含量水平差异较大,重金属含量的变异系数在19.4%~76.1%之间,超标的重金属元素主要为Ni、Cd和Cr,内梅罗综合污染指数均小于1.0,在安全警戒线内。

     

当前农村有机肥利用现状分析与对策

大力应用有机肥。有利于改善土壤环境,提高作物品质,增加肥料利用率,节约资源,保护生态环境,是实现农业可持续发展的重要途径。但在实际农业生产中由于多种原因,有机肥应用水平不高。现针对安阳县农村有机肥利用的现状进行简单分析并提出几点对策。