Frozen bread dough: Effects of freezing storage and dough improvers

This review focuses on the effects of freezing storage on the microstructure and baking performance of frozen doughs, and provides an overview of the activities of dough improvers, including emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and other improvers used in frozen dough applications. The overall quality of bread baked from frozen dough deteriorates as the storage of the dough at sub-zero temperatures increases due to several factors which are discussed. Lipid-related emulsifiers such as diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides and sucrose esters employed as anti-staling agents, dough modifiers, shortening sparing agents, and as improvers for the production of high-protein bread have also been employed in frozen doughs. Hydrocolloids are gaining importance in the baking industry as dough improvers due to their ability to induce structural changes in the main components of wheat flour systems during breadmaking steps and bread storage Their effects in frozen doughs is discussed. Other dough improvers, such as ascorbic acid, honey and green tea extract, are also reviewed in the context of frozen doughs.     

靶向甲型流感病毒血凝素的人源单克隆抗体研究进展

甲型流感病毒感染性强,宿主广泛,主要感染禽类,其次为哺乳动物。当跨物种传染事件发生时,有可能造成流感大流行,因此,对病毒实施及时有效的监控,以及研发抗流感病毒药物刻不容缓。流感病毒表面的糖蛋白血凝素在病毒入侵宿主细胞的过程中发挥了关键的作用,可作为单克隆抗体药物的主要靶点。针对血凝素的单克隆抗体能够有效抑制病毒传播,保护宿主。因此,本文综述了目前报道的针对甲型流感病毒血凝素糖蛋白的人单克隆抗体,为后续抗流感药物的研发提供新的思路和展望。     

猕猴桃全光喷雾扦插快速育苗研究

用中华猕猴桃(Actindia chinensis Planch.)‘江西79—1’、‘79—3’、‘奉新79—2’于6月中旬进行嫩枝全光喷雾扦插,苗床温度为25—30℃,叶面相对湿度为85%以上,以蛭石为扦插基质,插条基部用1000ppm吲哚丁酸进行速蘸(30秒)处理。试验结果插条发根率77.1%。插后5天产生愈伤组织,20天生根 40天移栽时单株平均根数为11.8条,平均根长6.9cm,最多根数35条,最长根17.9cm;移栽成活率85%以上。移栽苗当年新梢长2—10cm,第2年枝蔓平均长49.7cm,最长蔓137cm。     

家畜胚胎干细胞的分离培养和鉴定

家畜胚胎干细胞的分离培养和鉴定工作对于研究和利用家畜胚胎干细胞具有重大意义。本文对文献中报道的各种分离、培养和鉴定方法进行了综述 ,并介绍了几种主要家畜的胚胎干细胞在近十余年间的研究进展情况。     

RNA沉默—新型的植物病毒病害防治策略

植物RNA沉默(RNAsilencing)是植物本身固有的一种抗病毒防御系统,是对病毒在复制过程中形成双链RNA(dsRNA)的特殊反应。RNA沉默介导的dsRNA干涉病毒侵染转基因抗病毒有其不足,几种体外生产dsRNA的抗病毒体系能弥补这一不足,它们与转基因表达病原RNA不同,但仍然依赖RNA沉默机制来获取病原抗性。综述了近年来发展起来的各种启动RNA沉默的dsRNA产生策略、抗病状况和存在的问题及发展前景     

Oak (Quercus robur L.) regeneration in early successional woodlands grazed by wild ungulates in the absence of livestock

Wooded pastures grazed by livestock are believed to be landscapes that provide favourable conditions for spontaneous regeneration of oaks, including Quercus robur. A key mechanism for oak regeneration in these systems is ‘associational resistance’, spatial association with unpalatable plants which offer protection against herbivory. There is little knowledge on how oak regenerates without livestock grazing and in the presence of only wild large herbivores. We studied this in an area (114 ha) abandoned from agricultural use and in the early 1980s incorporated into the Bia?owie?a National Park, Poland. Its ungulate community consists of native red deer, European bison, roe deer, moose and wild boar. Secondary succession has led to the development of a mosaic habitat including tree and tall shrub groves (29% of the area), open meadow communities (60%), and edge, transitory zone between groves and meadows (11%). Our systematic inventory assigned oaks to height classes (0-0.2, 0.2-0.5, 0.5-1.3, 1.3-2.5, 2.5-5.0, >5.0 m), dichotomous shape characteristic (regular vs. “bonsai” sapling), as well as a habitat definition, in particular the characteristics of woody vegetation in the immediate surroundings of oaks. A selection of 17 oaks was subject to coring for the comparison of growth dynamics. Oak density was highest inside groves, with 504 oaks ha⁻¹, and in the edge zone (493 oaks ha⁻¹) and lowest in meadows (47 oaks ha⁻¹). Most of the 0-5-m oaks (62%) grew without another woody plant species within 1 m radius. The remaining oaks (38%) were associated mainly with Rubus idaeus and saplings of Carpinus betulus and Populus tremula - all highly ungulate-preferred species. The age (0.5 m above ground) of cored oaks in grove and edge habitats varied from 11 to 37 years, indicating continuous recruitment since agricultural abandonment. The initial growth dynamics of the more mature oaks did not differ from that of present “bonsais,” supporting the idea that browsing is not an unconditional impediment and that “bonsai” can be a temporary stage of successful oak development. In contrast to other studies, we found that associational resistance from unpalatable plants is not necessary to secure successful oak regeneration in woodlands subject to browsing by wild ungulates. This might have been possible because of the abundance of highly attractive vegetation making oak relatively unpreferred by ungulates. We suggest that the observed secondary succession provides a contemporary analogy of historic processes that resulted in the establishment of broadleaf forests with a substantial proportion of oak.     

重金属超富集植物龙葵对镉响应的蛋白组学分析

龙葵是典型的重金属超富集植物,但是我们对其重金属耐受和超富集的分子机理仍不完全清楚。为了从蛋白组学层面探究重金属超富集植物龙葵如何响应金属镉,本研究采用双向电泳和MALDI-TOF MS分析方法,鉴定了重金属超富集植物龙葵叶片和根中Cd胁迫下差异表达的蛋白。双向电泳在根和叶片中分别至少得到927和1 025个蛋白点,其中Cd胁迫下差异表达的蛋白点在根中有45个,叶片中有57个。采用MALDITOF MS分析,在根和叶片中分别鉴定了9个和12个蛋白点,分别代表了9个和6个差异表达的蛋白。生物信息学分析表明,这些蛋白涉及到激素合成、防御响应、能量代谢和细胞结构等。这些结果为进一步揭示重金属超富集植物龙葵响应Cd胁迫的分子调节机制,以及为通过现代生物技术手段进行重金属污染的植物修复提供了理论依据。     

UASB处理养猪场废水条件下进水浓度对污泥颗粒化的影响

UASB能够在很高负荷下稳定运行的重要原因在于反应器内形成的厌氧颗粒污泥。该文研究了利用UASB处理猪场废水时进水COD浓度对污泥颗粒化的影响，结果发现：颗粒直径随进水浓度的上升而增高，受传质过程中所能进入颗粒内部的营养量所控制，因此要根据COD去除率的情况适时提高进水浓度，及时地随微生物数量的增加补充营养，促进污泥颗粒化；也可以避免因浓度变化太快引起细菌生长过快，污泥结构松散，沉降性能下降，COD去除率和产气率降低。     

影响"扬稻6号"成熟胚愈伤组织再生植株的因子

以水稻中籼品种“扬稻6号”的成熟胚为外植体材料诱导愈伤组织发生,在愈伤组织继代培养阶段,研究山梨醇、甘露醇、脱落酸、蔗糖和麦芽糖对愈伤组织分化植株能力的影响作用,并探讨在愈伤组织诱导阶段添加6－苄基氨基嘌呤对后期愈伤组织分化植株能力的影响程度。试验结果表明,在愈伤组织继代培养基中添加30g/L山梨醇,3－5mg/L脱落酸和在愈伤组织诱导培养基中附加0.2mg/L 6-苄基氨基嘌呤有利于建立起较高频率的植株再生体系,愈伤组织经过继代培养后其植株再生的频率保持在50％左右。     

奶牛养殖废水厌氧出水的吹脱混凝处理试验研究

为探索高效、可行的养殖废水处理方法,以马鞍山蒙牛现代牧场废水处理中的UASB出水为研究对象,进行吹脱和混凝试验处理。通过UASB出水吹脱处理试验,对比不同p H值、吹脱时间、气液比(体积比)、温度等参数对氨氮的去除效果,再对吹脱出水进行混凝处理试验,选择PFS(聚合硫酸铁)、PAC(聚合氯化铝)为混凝剂,分别研究混凝剂投加量、p H值、搅拌速率、搅拌时间、沉淀时间对混凝效果的影响。结果表明:吹脱试验中,当p H值为11、吹脱时间为5 h、气液比为3000、温度为30℃时,氨氮去除效果最好,去除率达85.5%,UASB出水氨氮浓度由468.1 mg·L-1降到67.9 mg·L-1。混凝试验中,确定PFS为较佳混凝剂,当PFS投加量为2.85 g·L-1、搅拌速率为180 r·min-1、搅拌时间为4 min、沉淀时间为20 min时,处理效果最好,处理水CODCr和SS分别由713.4、458.0 mg·L-1降到154.1、123.2 mg·L-1,去除率分别达到78.4%和73.1%。出水氨氮略有降低,降至50.9 mg·L-1,最终出水达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596—2001)。