香格里拉产区“赤霞珠”葡萄果实品质积累规律

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"为试材,采用分光光度法,系统比较了金沙江流域和澜沧江流域不同海拔"赤霞珠"葡萄果实品质差异及其发育期品质指标的积累规律,以期为香格里拉及世界其它高海拔产区优质和特色葡萄与葡萄酒的生产提供参考。结果表明:较长的日照时长、较强的紫外辐射及较大的温差使得位于海拔2 121m的溜筒江生产的"赤霞珠"葡萄果实还原糖含量最高(265.16g·L^-1),总酸最低(4.01g·L^-1)。另外,位于海拔2 238m的达日生产的"赤霞珠"葡萄果实总酚、单宁和果皮总花色苷含量最高(分别为8.58mg·g^-1、11.54mg·g^-1和160.53A520·g^-1)。金沙江和澜沧江流域各产地发育期葡萄果实可溶性固形物和还原糖含量均呈升高趋势,总酸均呈先增加后降低趋势。金沙江流域(瓦卡和达日)比澜沧江流域(西当、斯农和阿东)葡萄果实还原糖快速积累期和总酸快速下降期普遍提前2周左右。金沙江流域和澜沧江流域各产地在海拔2 000～2 250m范围内,成熟期葡萄果实中总酚、单宁和果皮总花色苷含量随着葡萄园海拔升高而升高,并均在各流域2 250m附近的葡萄园达最高。随着葡萄园海拔再度升高,到海拔最高的阿东(2 602m),其葡萄果实中总酚和单宁的含量又有所下降,但是果皮总花色苷没有显著变化。金沙江流域2个产地葡萄果实总酚和单宁含量在整个发育期内的积累规律与澜沧江流域4个产地不同,且达到最大值的时期也不同。可能是由于澜沧江流域溜筒江产地的风土条件与金沙江流域类似,其发育期内品质指标,特别是还原糖和总酸含量的变化与金沙江流域具有类似的模式。     

Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines

The effects of the severity and timing of leaf removal(LR) on the amino acids of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines were studied during the 2017 growing season. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to analyze the amino acids profiles of grape berries and wines. The basal leaves were removed at three time points(40, 56 and 72 days after flowering, named LR40, LR56 and LR72, respectively) at two severity levels(one at which the first, third, and fifth basal leaves of each shoot were removed(50% level); and another at which the first six basal leaves were removed(100% level)). The results showed that leaf removal had little impact on total soluble solids(°Brix), titratable acidity, pH or berry weight. The LR72-50% treated grapes had higher berry weight, titratable acidity and °Brix than those of the other treatments. The highest concentrations of total amino acids and of total amino acids except proline were detected in LR72-50% treated grapes(2 952.58 and 2 764.36 mg L~(-1), respectively); the lowest were detected in LR72-100% treated grapes(2 172.82 and 2 038.71 mg L~(-1), respectively). LR72-50% treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of aspartic acid, serine, arginine, alanine, aminobutyric acid and proline at both severity levels for grapes, the concentrations of all of these amino acids were increased relative to the control concentrations. The LR72-50%, LR40-100% and LR72-100% treated wines had higher total amino acids concentrations and higher concentrations of some individual amino acids, such as arginine, alanine and serine, than did the control wines. Of all the amino acids studied, glycine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine and lysine were not significantly influenced by the timing or severity basal defoliation in grapes and wines. The present study reveals the effects of the timing and severity of leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of grapes and wines.     

不同因素对赤霞珠果实理化性质及果皮花色苷含量的影响

【目的】探究不同因素对葡萄果实理化性质及果皮中花色苷含量的影响,为改善葡萄原料品质及酿酒工艺中花色苷的浸提提供理论依据。【方法】以酿酒葡萄赤霞珠果实为原料,以未处理葡萄果粒为对照,测定温度(20,30,40℃)、pH(2.2,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0)及脱水处理(用质量分数5%的食盐溶液分别脱水0.5,1,1.5,2,3,4,6,9,12h)对果实可溶性固形物、总酸和pH等理化性质指标及果皮花色苷(可浸提花色苷、不可浸提花色苷、总花色苷)含量的影响。【结果】(1)与对照相比,20~30℃处理48h可使葡萄果实的可溶性固形物含量增加4.12~6.52°Brix,总酸质量浓度下降0.81~1.86g/L,pH升高0.22~0.68;20~30℃处理36h果皮中的花色苷含量均较高。(2)脱水处理12h可使葡萄果实的可溶性固形物含量比对照提高14.5%,总酸质量浓度比对照提高2.76%,pH比对照降低3.64%;但果皮中可浸提花色苷含量较对照降低7.4%,不可浸提花色苷含量较对照降低2.45%,总花色苷含量较对照降低8.47%。(3)随着缓冲液pH的升高,果实可溶性固形物含量先上升后降低;不同pH处理对果实pH及总酸质量浓度影响总体较小。用pH为2.2~4.0溶液处理后,果皮可浸提花色苷和总花色苷含量均高于对照,不可浸提花色苷含量基本保持不变;用pH 5.0~8.0溶液处理后,果皮总花色苷、可浸提花色苷和不可浸提花色苷含量均呈下降趋势。【结论】20~30℃处理36h可以改善葡萄果实理化性质及提高果皮中的花色苷浸提量;脱水处理能改善果实理化性质;适当酸性溶液处理葡萄,有利于可浸提花色苷的提取。     

赤霞珠葡萄叶不同溶剂萃取物抗氧化活性

研究赤霞珠葡萄叶不同溶剂萃取物中黄酮和总酚的含量及抗氧化活性。用不同极性溶剂依次对赤霞珠葡萄叶φ=95%乙醇粗提物进行萃取,分别得到石油醚萃取物、氯仿萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物、正丁醇萃取物、水萃取物及经大孔树脂φ=70%乙醇洗脱物。测定不同萃取物中黄酮和总酚的含量,研究不同萃取物对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、超氧阴离子自由基(O2-[KG-*3/4]·)的清除能力及还原力,并与BHT进行比较,评价其抗氧化活性。赤霞珠葡萄叶不同溶剂萃取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,且随着浓度的增加而增强。φ=70%乙醇洗脱物和乙酸乙酯萃取物均具有较强的抗氧化活性,其清除 DPPH自由基和O2-[KG-*3/4]·的 IC₅₀分别为（0.017±0.001）、（0.023±0.001） g/L和（0.174±0.007）、（0.222±0.003）g/L,高于BHT。相关分析表明,不同溶剂萃取物中黄酮、总酚含量与抗氧化能力具有相关性。赤霞珠葡萄叶萃取物具有很好的抗氧化活性,不同溶剂萃取物对抗氧化活性有很大影响。     

Occurrence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaeoacremonium</Emphasis> spp. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaeomoniella chlamydospora</Emphasis> in grape propagation materials and young grapevines

During a 6-year study, grapevine propagation materials and young grapevines were analysed to evaluate the presence of internal wood discolouration and the occurrence of fungal species involved in Petri disease. The intensity of wood discolouration increased with the ageing of the plants. The maximum incidence of dark streaks was observed in the rootstock while necrosis originating from buds or nodes were notably present in the trunk and cordon of older vines. In contrast, the highest levels of brown-red halo symptoms, defined as discoloured areas around the pith, were recorded in the early growth stages. Phaeoacremonium spp. and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora were usually isolated from the rooted-grafts and the 3-year old plants, respectively. The number of infected grapevines increased with age. Most of the P. chlamydospora strains were isolated from dark streaks or dots, while Phaeoacremonium spp. were detected in brown-red halo symptoms and other symptomatic or asymptomatic wood. The greatest incidence of the two fungal taxa was recorded in the lower parts of the grapevine, including the roots and rootstock.     

不同产量、品质的赤霞珠葡萄园叶柄、土壤养分状况调查分析

为提高酿酒葡萄产量、品质和合理施肥提供依据,对河北省昌黎县不同产量、品质的赤霞珠葡萄园的叶柄、土壤养分状况进行了调查分析。结果表明,中、低产低质葡萄树体K、Zn含量较低,树体Mg缺乏是3种园区都存在的问题,低产低质园树体Fe含量明显偏低;中、低产低质葡萄园土壤有机质、水解N、有效P、K、Zn较低,3种园区土壤交换性Mg含量均较低。高产优质园,土壤N、K、Mg与叶柄相应元素之间为正相关,中产低质园,土壤N、K、P、Mg、Zn与叶柄相应元素之间为正相关,低产低质园,土壤K、Mg、Zn与叶柄相应元素之间为正相关。     

磷酸二氢钾对酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’果实类黄酮物质的影响

以‘赤霞珠’葡萄为试验材料,于转色前1~2周、转色末期在叶幕上喷施浓度为3 g·L^-1的磷酸二氢钾,研究其对酿酒葡萄果实类黄酮物质的影响,旨在改善果实着色及其他类黄酮物质的含量,为优质葡萄酒酿造奠定基础。结果表明,转色末期喷施磷酸二氢钾能显著地提高‘赤霞珠’花色苷和黄酮醇的含量,花色苷含量较对照提高了30%,黄酮醇含量提高了48%;但喷施磷酸二氢钾降低了黄烷醇的含量,其中,磷酸二氢钾的喷施时期对其含量影响较大,转色前1周喷施处理的葡萄果实黄烷醇含量显著低于转色末期的喷施处理。说明转色末期喷施3 g·L^-1的磷酸二氢钾有利于花色苷与黄酮醇含量的积累。     

赤霞珠干酒优化工艺及质量控制研究

以赤霞珠葡萄为原料,分析了葡萄成熟度质量控制指标及干化处理措施,提出了赤霞珠干酒的优化工艺参数。结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄完全成熟时总糖含量达226 g/L,延迟5 d采摘总糖含量为242 g/L;干化技术处理时间约8 d,总糖含量达到270~290 g/L;优化工艺浸渍发酵的最佳时间为12 d;浸渍发酵温度应控制在24~28℃为宜,按此最优工艺参数制得的赤霞珠干酒,酒液呈深宝石红色,澄清、光亮透明,香气浓郁、协调,口感柔顺、醇厚,单宁含量较高,结构感强劲,具有该品种的典型风格特点。     

贺兰山东麓‘蛇龙珠’葡萄病毒病种类鉴定及对采收期的影响

为摸清宁夏贺兰山东麓‘蛇龙珠’葡萄感染病毒种类,探究葡萄病毒病对果实品质及其采收期的影响。以‘蛇龙珠’葡萄为材料,通过RT-PCR方法鉴定‘蛇龙珠’葡萄感染病毒种类;利用主成分分析法(PCA)对葡萄果实各理化指标进行综合评价,确定罹病和无症状对照组葡萄的最佳采收期。结果表明：‘蛇龙珠’葡萄感染8种葡萄病毒,分别为GLRaV-1、GLRaV-2、GLRaV-3、GFLV、GRSPaV、GVA、GPGV和GINV,复合侵染严重;与对照组相比,罹病葡萄的SPAD值降低14.89%,净光合速率降低17.21%,叶片气孔导度降低37.77%,可溶性固形物降低19.36%,还原糖含量降低18.09%,糖酸比降低25.24%,滴定酸含量增加15.94%;通过主成分分析得到2020年度对照组葡萄的最佳采收期为9月20日,罹病葡萄的最佳采收期为9月27日。综上,‘蛇龙珠’葡萄感染8种葡萄病毒,病毒感染导致植株叶片光合作用下降,果实可溶性固形物、还原糖、单宁等物质积累降低,造成酿酒葡萄采收期推迟1周。     

不同副梢处理对赤霞珠葡萄生长和结果的影响

试验以3～5年生赤霞珠葡萄(CabernetSauvignon)为试材,对其进行了不同的副梢处理:只留顶端1个副梢、副梢绝后处理、花序以上反复摘心、副梢全留。2年的结果表明:副梢全留(所有副梢全留2～3片叶反复摘心)处理的叶面积指数高,果实的产量和品质高。因此,相对多留副梢叶片,改善了叶幕叶龄结构,提高了果实品质,有利于枝梢成熟。