Investigation and Study on Employment Status of Migrant Workers in Heilongjiang Province

With the gradual acceleration of urbanization speed and continuous improvements of agricultural productivity, the number of migrant workers is increasing. The living conditions of this group in cities determine the quality of urbanization in China, and are of great and far-reaching significance to Chinese construction of comprehensive well-off society. This study took the migrant workers in Heilongjiang Province as the research object, and took the representative new-generation migrant workers as the respondent to have a comprehensive analysis of the employment status. The study focused on these aspects, such as nature information, employment selection, employment quality, and social security, etc. Finally, it provided valuable ideas and methods on the reasonable solutions of the employment problems of the migrant workers to better increase farmers’ income and improve their living qualities.     

秋季中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana cerana）工蜂有分泌活性的舌腺和无分泌活性的舌腺的超微结构比较

对秋季中华蜜蜂工蜂有分泌活性舌腺（９日龄）和无分泌活性的舌腺（采集蜂）的超微结构进行了观察和比较，发现二者的舌腺细胞的超微结构存在着差异。９日龄工蜂舌腺处在分泌活性状态。细胞核发达，多突起；粗面内质网发达，成平行状排列；胞内管、胞外管中都充满电子致密度均匀的物质，即王浆物质；有大量的分泌块；线粒体内嵴排列紧密，呈板层状。而采集蜂舌腺处在无分泌活性状态。核周边异染色质增多；粗面内质网不太发达，多呈泡状；胞内管中物质为一些不均匀的电子致密度大的粗颗粒物质；胞外管中只有少量水样物质；线粒体内嵴间隙相对变大，多发现内嵴间隙呈管泡状。     

Dissipation of three organochlorine and four pyrethroid pesticides sprayed in a greenhouse environment during hydroponic cultivation of gerbera

A wide range of pesticides (insecticides, acaricides and fungicides) is used in the hydroponic cultivation of gerbera. The fate and behaviour of some of these commonly used pesticides (organochlorine and pyrethroid insecticides/acaricides) in a greenhouse installation was investigated. The concentrations of endosulfan, dicofol, tetradifon, permethrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in the air of the greenhouse were related to their physicochemical properties and respective application rates. Of these compounds, endosulfan exhibited the highest concentration in the greenhouse air 2 h after application (10 microg m(-3)), due to its highest volatility; afterwards, up to 12 h post-application, a rapid decrease was recorded which finally led to a concentration of 0.41 microg m(-3) at 6 days post-application. Dicofol exhibited the same trend of dissipation in the greenhouse air; its concentration decreased from 0.27 microg m(-3) immediately after the application to 0.12 microg m(-3) at 6 days post-application. Tetradifon, bifenthrin and permethrin were found at concentrations lower than 0.1 microg m(-3) at 2 h post-application, and cypermethrin and deltamethrin could not be detected. The concentrations of all the above pesticides in the drain water of the open hydroponic system were relatively high immediately after application and decreased rapidly during the following 3 days. In the closed hydroponic system, all the pesticides accumulated in the nutrient solution during the first 24 h after application and slowly decreased in concentration over the following 3 days. The spray operators applying these pesticides were exposed to rather high concentrations and the spray deposits were monitored on the chest and forehead of the operator. Endosulfan exhibited the highest concentrations of the seven pesticides. The organochlorine pesticides (endosulfan, dicofol and tetradifon) were usually detected at higher concentrations on the chest than on the forehead of the operator; pyrethroids were detected at higher concentrations on the forehead than on the chest of the operator.     

农民工失业保险工作的现状与对策

在分析当前中国农民工失业保险工作的主要问题及原因的基础上,探讨了建立农民工失业保险保障机制的对策.     

构建和谐社会过程中农民工城市融合度的定量分析——以潍坊市为例

通过问卷调查,选取职业、收入和文化3个指标,来衡量分析中等发展城市农民工的城市融合度。分析发现,即使在潍坊市这样的中等发展城市,农民工的工作和生活状况也不是很乐观,城市融合程度较低,这种现象不符合和谐社会建设的主题和包容性增长的内涵,政府和城市社区都要对农民工的城市融合作出更大努力。     

饲粮α-亚麻酸水平对意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫生理机能的影响

【目的】探究饲粮中α-亚麻酸的添加水平对意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera ligustica）工蜂幼虫抗氧化活性和免疫能力的影响。【方法】移取1日龄意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫1 200只,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复48只;其中1组为对照组,饲喂不添加α-亚麻酸的基础饲粮,4组为处理组,分别饲喂α-亚麻酸添加水平为0.02%、0.04%、0.06%和0.08%的饲粮。按照室内蜜蜂幼虫饲养方法,将1日龄幼虫用移虫针移至温度适宜的加入200 μL饲粮的24孔细胞培养板内,培养板置于恒温培养箱中（温度33℃,相对湿度55%）,试验期间每天更换饲粮。饲养至第6天末或第7天初,幼虫开始有直立或排便现象时,将幼虫转移至提前铺好灭菌纸的24孔细胞培养板内准备化蛹。从饲养第1天开始,每天检查并记录幼虫和蛹的死亡数量,并将死亡个体及时移除,直至未死亡的蛹全部羽化新蜂,记录成功化蛹和羽化新蜂个体数量,统计幼虫化蛹率和羽化率。各组分别取5、6和7日龄幼虫测定抗氧化、免疫、脂质代谢指标及相关基因表达量。【结果】饲粮中α-亚麻酸的添加水平为0.02%和0.04%时,化蛹率和羽化率显著高于与其他处理组（P＜0.05）,而工蜂幼虫血淋巴中甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）和低密度脂蛋白（LDL）含量显著低于对照组,高密度脂蛋白（HDL）的含量却显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。饲粮中α-亚麻酸的添加水平为0.04%时,工蜂幼虫超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）的活性较对照组显著增加,丙二醛（MDA）的含量显著降低（P＜0.05）。饲粮中α-亚麻酸的添加水平为0.02%、0.04%和0.06%时,6日龄工蜂幼虫的溶菌酶（lysozyme）和酚氧化酶（PO）活性显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。饲粮中α-亚麻酸添加水平为0.04%时,6日龄工蜂幼虫脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC）活性显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。饲粮中α-亚麻酸添加水平为0.04%时,5和7日龄工蜂幼虫lysozyme和PO相对表达量显著高于对照组,但饲粮中α-亚麻酸添加水平为0.08%时,lysozyme相对表达量会显著降低（P＜0.05）。【结论】α-亚麻酸对意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫抗氧化活性和免疫能力有一定影响,幼虫饲粮中α-亚麻酸适宜添加水平为0.02%—0.04%。     

Clostridioides difficile on Ohio swine farms (2015): A comparison of swine and human environments and assessment of on‐farm risk factors

Swine are known reservoirs for Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile, and transmission from swine to human farm workers is strongly suggested by previous studies. This cross‐sectional study evaluated the potential role of farm environmental surfaces, including those in worker breakrooms and swine housing areas, in the possible transmission of C. difficile from swine to farm workers. Environmental surfaces and piglet faeces at 13 Ohio swine farms were sampled in 2015. Typical culturing techniques were performed to isolate C. difficile from samples, and amplification of toxin genes (tcdA, tcdB and cdtB) and PCR‐ribotyping were used to genetically characterize recovered isolates. In addition, sequencing of toxin regulatory gene, tcdC, was done to identify the length of identified deletions in some isolates. A survey collected farm‐level management risk factor information. Clostridioides difficile was recovered from all farms, with 42% (188/445) of samples testing positive for C. difficile. Samples collected from all on‐farm locations recovered C. difficile, including farrowing rooms (60%, 107/178), breakrooms (50%, 69/138) and nursery rooms (9%, 12/129). Three ribotypes recovered from both swine and human environments (078, 412 and 005) have been previously implicated in human disease. Samples taken from farrowing rooms and breakrooms were found to have greater odds of C. difficile recovery than those taken from nursery rooms (OR = 40.5, OR = 35.6, p < .001 respectively). Farms that weaned ≥23,500 pigs per year had lower odds of C. difficile recovery as compared to farms that weaned fewer pigs (OR = 0.4, p = .01) and weekly or more frequent cleaning of breakroom counters was associated with higher odds of C. difficile recovery (OR = 11.7, p < .001). This study provides important insights into the presence and characterization of C. difficile found in human environments on swine farms and highlights how these areas may be involved in transmission of C. difficile to swine farm workers and throughout the facility.     

蜂群中饲喂蜂王的工蜂亚家庭组成分析

蜜蜂是一种资源共享性强、社会分工精确度高且信息交流高度结构化的社会性群体。蜂群中,蜂王的交配方式是"一雌多雄",因此蜂群是由多个"同母异父"的亚家庭组成。研究表明,蜂群内这种"同母异父"的亚家庭结构,可以显著影响蜜蜂内在的部分社会分工。本研究以西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)为实验材料,从3群自然蜂群中各取样94只饲喂蜂王的工蜂和原蜂王,利用4对微卫星引物对样本进行个体基因型分析。分析得出了亚家庭总数分别为13、13和21的3群蜂群,结果表明:饲喂蜂王的工蜂的亚家庭组成并无亚家庭专属现象,即蜂王会接受各个亚家庭的适龄工蜂的饲喂。     

金融危机中贵州农民工回流现象分析

全球金融危机使贵州农民工大量回流.在了解贵州农民工回流现象的基础上,分析了贵州省农民工回流的不同情况及产生农民工回流的原因,提出了解决返乡农民工问题的建议和对策,指出解决好返乡农民工的问题对贵州的社会稳定和经济的可持续发展具有重要意义.     

家庭策略视角下农村已婚劳动力转移的性别选择

通过对河南农村的调查,从家庭策略的角度分析了男性外出务工,女性在家留守现象形成的原因,指出现行农村土地政策、城乡分割的二元管理体制、性别收入差距和传统性别分工是影响农民工家庭实行性别选择的重要因素。