Unveiling patterns of viral pathogen infection in free-ranging carnivores of northern Portugal using a complementary methodological approach

Pathogen surveillance in free-ranging carnivores presents challenges due to their low densitie and secretive nature. We combined molecular and serological assays to investigate infections by viral pathogens (Canine parvovirus (CPV), Canine distemper virus (CDV) and Canine coronavirus (CCoV)) in Portuguese carnivores (Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Lutra lutra, Martes foina, M. martes, Meles meles, and Genetta genetta) over a period of 16 years. Additionally we explored spatio-temporal patterns of virus occurrence in Canis lupus. Our study identified CPV DNA in all carnivore species with an overall prevalence of 91.9 %. CPV was detected in all sampled years and seasons in Canis lupus, supporting its enzootic nature. CDV RNA was mainly detected in the Canidae family, with viral nucleic acid recorded between 2005 and 2008 with a peak prevalence of 67 % among the wolf population, followed by a sharp decline, suggesting an epizootic behaviour of the virus. Antibodies show that mustelids and viverrids were often exposed to CDV. CCoV was first recorded by molecular methods in wolf samples in 2002, remaining in the wolf populations with marked fluctuations over time. The dual serological and molecular approach provided important epidemiological data on pathogens of wild carnivores in Portugal. These programmes should also include monitoring of other potential reservoir hosts such as domestic cats and dogs.     

5种干旱区野生观赏植物染色体数目及其核型分析

本文采取常规根尖压片法对 5种干旱区野生观赏植物进行了染色体数目统计 ,并对其中的 3种进行了核型分析。结果表明 :5种植物染色体均属于二倍体 ,其中白花枝子花(DracocephalumhererophyllumBenth .)、角蒿 (IncarvilleasinensisLam .)、金露梅 (PotentillafruticosaL .)有四倍体现象 ;3种植物染色体核型公式分别为白花枝子花 2n =1 2 =1 0m + 2st,角蒿 2n =2 2 =1 8m + 4sm ,北点地梅 (AndrosaceseptentrionalisL .) 2n =1 8=1 6m + 2sm ,均属于原始类型。本次试验旨在为研究物种多样性、建立干旱区野生观赏植物基因库、保护和繁育野生观赏植物等提供科学依据。     

Quality versus quantity: spring wheat seed size and seeding rate effects on Avena fatua interference, economic returns and economic thresholds

A 3-year field experiment was conducted at Kalispell, Montana, USA, to investigate the effects of spring wheat seed size and seeding rate on wheat yield loss (YL), economic returns and economic thresholds (ETs), as a function of Avena fatua density. Crop competitive ability increased as wheat seeding rate and seed size increased, with the greatest differences among treatment factors being observed at low weed densities. Both treatment factors decreased spring wheat YL, increasing economic returns during all 3 years of the study despite the higher associated seed costs. Averaged over all other factors, adjusted gross returns (AGR) were 477 and 537$ ha⁻¹ for the low and high seeding rates, while values of 453, 521 and 547$ ha⁻¹ were obtained for the small, bulk and large seed size classes respectively. Weed-free yield potential varied yearly. As yield potential increased, A. fatua competitive effects were more evident and ETs decreased. Nonetheless, both treatment factors increased ETs in 2 of 3 years. These results demonstrate that the use of higher seeding rates and larger seed size classes both improve wheat competitive ability towards A. fatua while simultaneously increasing economic returns.     

干旱区五种野生观赏植物的引种栽培试验

本文采用不同催芽方法、育苗和栽培技术 ,对蒙古扁桃 ( Prunus mongolica Max-im.)、粗壮黄芪 ( Astragalus H oantchy Franch.)、沙冬青 ( Ammopiptanthus mongolicus ( Max-im.) Cheng f.)、山丹 ( L iliun pumilum DC.)和内蒙古野丁香 ( Leptodermis ordosica H.C.)五种分布于内蒙古西部具有观赏价值又为珍稀濒危植物的种子萌发特性、成苗特性进行了研究 ,同时进行了引种栽培技术的初步探索。结果表明 :蒙古扁桃和粗壮黄芪的种子经机械打磨处理后 ,在湿润的沙性基质中栽培效果较好 ,生长两年的植株移栽成活率较高 ;山丹在壤土中萌发率较高 ,异地移栽的山丹 ,如室内栽培 ,需进行春化作用和人工授粉才能开花、结果 ;沙冬青在沙性较强的基质及一定的湿度条件下栽培效果良好 ;内蒙古野丁香则在黏土中生长良好。     

新麦草愈伤组织多倍体诱导与倍性鉴定

以新麦草幼胚形成的胚性愈伤组织为材料,在悬浮培养基中添加不同浓度秋水仙素和1.5%DMSO诱导愈伤组织染色体加倍,并对处理后的愈伤组织再生幼苗进行根尖染色体倍性鉴定。在25℃下用100mg/L秋水仙素和1.5%DMSO处理72h的愈伤组织再生植株,平均加倍细胞比例最大,为53.58%。比较分蘖期加倍幼苗与二倍体幼苗形态差异,结果除分蘖数无显著差异外,四倍体叶片长、宽均显著高于二倍体,与混倍体叶长差异不显著。四倍体新麦草叶片气孔保卫细胞长度比二倍体增加13.52%,差异显著。同时四倍体叶表皮气孔之间距离也显著大于二倍体,混倍体以上气孔特征介于四倍体与二倍体之间。     

新疆野蔷薇果的研究

新疆野蔷薇（Ｒｏｓａｓｐｐ）果实富含多种人体所需的营养物质，有较大开发利用价值。欲培育大果，多刺蔷薇、刺蔷薇较有前途；疏花蔷薇、腺毛蔷薇、伊犁蔷薇还原型ＶＣ含量较高；还可根据需要选择优良个体或类型以培育新品种。     

极小种群野生植物八蕊单室茱萸的种群状况研究

八蕊单室茱萸为云南省特有的极小种群野生植物和濒危物种。通过查阅相关文献并结合访问调查,确定八蕊单室茱萸可能分布的区域,开展种群资源调查。结果显示:八蕊单室茱萸目前仅在普洱市和西双版纳州有10个天然种群,其种群规模已低于最小可存活种群,属极小种群野生植物和濒危物种,亟需开展保护工作。生境破坏和生境片段化是导致八蕊单室茱单室茱萸濒危的人为因素。提出收集种质资源、营建和管护近地保护种群、建立迁地和回归种群等保育建议。     

Methodology for creating alloplasmic soybean lines by using Glycine tomentella as a maternal parent

Soybean breeders have not exploited the diversity of the 26 wild perennial species of the subgenus Glycine Willd. that are distantly related to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and harbour useful genes. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for introgressing cytoplasmic and genetic diversity from Glycine tomentella PI 441001 (2n = 78) into cultivated soybean using ‘Dwight’ (2n = 40) as the male parent. Immature seeds (19–21 days post‐pollination) were cultured in vitro to produce F₁ plants (2n = 59). Amphidiploid (2n = 118) plants, induced by colchicine treatment, were vigorous and produced mature pods and seeds after backcrossing with ‘Dwight’. The BC₁ plants (2n = 79) produced mature seeds in crosses with ‘Dwight’. Chromosome numbers in BC₂F₁ plants ranged from 2n = 41–50. From BC₂F₂ to BC₃F₁, the number of plants in parentheses with 2n = 40 (275), 2n = 41 (208), 2n = 42 (80), 2n = 43 (27), 2n = 44 (12) and 2n = 45 (3) were identified. Fertile lines were grown in the field during 2012 and 2013. This is the first report of the successful development of new alloplasmic soybean lines with cytoplasm from G. tomentella.     

北京地区野生蕨类资源及其生境调查

北京地区蕨类植物资源非常丰富,共有20科30属71种4变种.本文调查野生状态下陆生种12科21属30种2变种.其中土生占69％,石生占31％.对光适应幅度很广.土壤从微酸性至碱性石灰质土.分布海拔100～1900m.不同种对湿度要求差异很大.这些种类具有食用、药用及观赏价值.观赏价值依据株形姿态及对生态条件的要求分为4类.提出更好地保护和利用野生蕨类资源的建议.