Coupling changes of soil functional gene abundances and extracellular enzyme activities across the diagnostic horizons of agricultural Isohumosols

Soil functional microbial taxa and extracellular enzymes are involved in a variety of biogeochemical cycling processes. Although many studies have revealed the vertical change patterns of microbial communities along soil profile, the general understanding of the coupling changes in the functional gene abundances (FGAs) and extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) in soil profiles is still limited, which hinders us from revealing soil ecosystem processes. Herein, we comparatively investigated the FGAs and EEAs in the diagnostic A, B, and C horizons of soil profiles obtained from two suborders of Isohumosols (Mollisols), Ustic and Udic Isohumosols, in Northeast China based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and standard fluorometric techniques, respectively. The distribution patterns of both FGAs and EEAs significantly distinguished by the two soil suborders and were also separated from A to C horizon. Additionally, the variations of EEAs and FGAs were greater in Udic Isohumosols compared to Ustic Isohumosols along soil profiles, and greater changes were observed in C horizon than in A horizon. Both FGAs and EEAs correspondently decreased along the soil profiles. However, when normalized by soil organic carbon, the specific EEAs significantly increased in deep soil horizons, suggesting that microorganisms will input more resources to the production of enzymes to ensure microbial nutrient requirements under resource scarcity. More importantly, we revealed that soil microbial nutrient demands were limited by carbon (C) and phosphorus (P), and the C and P limitations significantly increased along soil profiles with a greater C limitation observed in Ustic Isohumosols than in Udic Isohumosols. Overall, our findings provided solid evidence showing the links between FGAs, EEAs, and microbial nutrient limitations, which would be helpful for a better understanding of the ecosystem processes in soil profiles.     

南水北调河北省受水区水资源可持续利用AHP量化研究

为了充分利用调入水,实现南水北调河北省受水区水资源可持续利用,以受水区7个设区市为主要研究对象,考虑2010年南水北调工程建成为前提,预测了7个设区市现状水平年为2005年和预测的2010、2015、2020、2025、2030年在95%保证率下供需平衡状况,以此为依据,确定各设区市水资源可持续利用的权重系数,利用层次分析法(AHP)构建河北省受水区水资源可持续利用评价模型,进行定性分析和定量计算,对加大治污力度、控制地下水开采、加强节水措施、完善技术管理这4项水资源可持续利用对策进行重要程度排序。得出整个受水区及7个设区市主要可持续利用对策的重要程度排序:整个受水区可持续利用对策中,控制地下水开采最重要,其次是治污措施;邯郸市完善技术管理最重要,其次是控制地下水开采。     

Palmar process fractures of the distal phalanx in foals: A review

Distal phalanx fractures are well documented in adult horses, but our knowledge of such fractures in foals is limited. Recent studies showed a high incidence of distal phalanx palmar process (PP) fractures in foals, the aetiology is not yet known. Several hypotheses have been suggested as possible causes, including uneven compressive forces, unequal forces from the deep digital flexor tendon, composition and shape of the PP, and conformation. A better understanding of the aetiology and predisposing factors requires further research. Radiography is the commonly used imaging modality for diagnosis of such fractures; however, those fractures might be missed on routine radiographic projections. In order to have a high probability of identifying fractures, a series of 5 radiographs including the oblique views is required. This article reviews the incidence of distal phalanx PP fractures and discusses the diagnosis of such fractures.     

一株枯草芽孢杆菌产抗菌肽培养基筛选及发酵工艺优化的研究

试验旨在对一株产抗菌肽枯草芽孢杆菌BL0006的发酵培养基和发酵条件进行优化,以提高发酵液中抗菌肽的效价。首先通过单因子试验筛选出培养基的最适碳源、氮源与无机盐分别为葡萄糖、蛋白胨和K_2HPO_4;在此基础上采用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,再利用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面分析法得到培养基最佳配方:通过摇瓶单因素试验对发酵条件、温度、接种量、转速进行了优化,优化后的发酵培养基为葡萄糖47.7 g/L、蛋白胨29.0 g/L、K_2HPO_4 3.3 g/L,摇瓶发酵工艺为接种量30 mL/L、初始pH 7.5、摇床转速220 r/min、培养温度37℃。优化后抗菌肽的效价提高到了4.25×10~4 U/mL,是优化前的3.51倍。综合试验结果,本研究筛选的培养基和优化后的发酵工艺可达到高产、降低成本、缩短发酵时间的效果。     

重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分状况分析

为了解重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分含量状况,在重庆7县（区）随机选取132个果园,分析背景土壤和农化土壤pH值、有机质和有效态矿质养分含量。结果显示,分别有56.8%和60.8%的果园背景土壤和农化土壤pH值适宜甜橙生长,农化土壤酸性土比例增加;背景土壤和农化土壤有机质含量不足（<15 mg?Kg-1）的比例分别为77.3%和85.3%,碱解氮处于适宜范围的比例分别为56.8%和61.5%,有效钙过剩（高量和过量）的比例分别为79.6%和76.7%;背景土壤有效磷、钾不足(缺乏和低量)的比例分别为95.4%和72.8%,有效锌、硼不足的比例分别为54.5%和70.5%;农化土壤有效磷、钾不足的比例分别为60.8%和57.6%,有效锌、硼不足比例分别为65.9%和90.7%。背景土壤和农化土壤有效镁、铁、锰及铜不足和过量并存。总体而言,土壤养分状况中等偏差;与背景土壤相比,农化土壤pH值、有机质、有效钙、锌和硼含量下降且缺锌严重,其它养分含量则有所上升。     

丘陵山地区耕地水约束状态研究——以黎香溪流域为例

建立一种土壤水循环机理与地形特征结合的层次评价模型,以长江一级支流——黎香溪流域为研究区,以土壤的蓄水量、土壤地形湿度、蒸散发量和灌溉用水条件作为评价因子,采用层次分析法对流域耕地水约束状态进行综合分析,将水约束状态分为轻度、一般、较重、重度、极重5个等级。通过对300个样本的抽样调查,分析结果总体正确率为78%。灌溉条件的影响力随着约束等级的降低而增加,正确率随着约束等级的降低而降低,从极重到轻度正确率分别为85.00%、81.67%、78.33%、75.00%和68.33%。流域内耕地受用水较重及以上程度约束占总面积的55%。模型对流域内部耕地用水状态的相对差异模拟精度较高,灌溉水平的差异是误差的主要来源。     

基于模拟退火算法的减速器多目标优化设计

提出了采用模拟退火算法进行减速器参数的全局优化的方法;针对斜齿轮减速器优化设计的多参数、多目标、多约束特点,建立了多目标优化数学模型;应用层次分析法计算了各目标权重。仿真结果表明,优化参数比原设计参数的优化解要好,说明模拟退火算法用于减速器优化设计是有效、可行的。     

薏米酸奶加工工艺研究

为扩大薏米资源的利用途径,以薏米和鲜奶为主要原料,以单因素试验为基础,采用正交试验、极差分析和感官评定的方法,确定薏米酸奶的最佳工艺配方为:薏米液4%、蔗糖量7%、接种量5%、培养时间4h、培养温度45℃、菌种比例1︰1。     

ANP方法在都市型农业评价指标体系中的应用

都市型农业立足于生产、生活、生态的结合,强调城乡同步发展,强调经济、生态、社会统筹发展。在综述国内外都市型农业研究的基础上,采用网络分析法(ANP)建立都市型农业评价指标体系,讨论了应用ANP方法求解问题的理论基础,分析了指标间的依存和反馈关系,并用SD软件对指标体系的ANP模型进行了快速求解。     

HD型石油化工流程泵内部固液两相分布规律

为了研究HD型石油化工流程泵首级双吸式叶轮、双蜗壳流道内部固液两相流动规律,应用计算流体动力学软件Fluent,基于雷诺时均N-S方程和k-ε紊流模型,采用SIMPLEC算法进行压力速度耦合,对双吸式叶轮、双蜗壳内的流场进行数值计算.同时分析不同初始固相体积分数以及不同颗粒直径条件下,叶轮及双蜗壳内的固相体积分数分布的变化规律,得到与单吸式叶轮、单蜗壳不同的流动规律.计算结果表明:在双吸式叶轮内,随着初始固相体积分数的增大,固相体积分数分布变化很大且变化规律明显,靠近吸力面侧固相体积分数较大,靠近压力面侧则较低;固体颗粒在双吸式叶轮中有向叶片吸力面侧运动的趋势,且随着粒径的增大颗粒会向叶片吸力面运动,但固相体积分数分布变化不大;在双蜗壳流道内,固相体积分数分布不均匀,在第一断面至第八断面固相体积分数相对较大,在扩散段外侧体积分数较大,内侧体积分数较小,固体颗粒有向外侧壁面运动趋势,固相体积分数显著较大.