生地黄提取物的制备及其卷烟应用

为开发新型天然烟用香料,采用热回流提取工艺制备生地黄提取物。以提取物得率、感官品质为评价指标,利用单因素试验结合Box-Behnken响应面分析方法对热回流提取工艺中关键参数进行优化,并对其在卷烟中的应用效果进行评价。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为提取温度85℃,提取时间55 min,提取溶剂为50%乙醇,料液比1∶12,此时提取物得率为42.0%,且添加量为0.1%~0.4%时感官品质最佳,可丰富烟香,改善余味,增甜增润。     

Polymerisation of gluten proteins in developing wheat grain as affected by desiccation

The breadmaking quality of wheat is affected by the composition of gluten proteins and the polymerisation of subunits that are synthesised and accumulated in developing wheat grain. The biological mechanisms and time course of these events during grain development are documented, but not widely confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the accumulation of gluten protein subunits and the size distribution of protein aggregates during grain development. The effect of desiccation on the polymerisation of gluten proteins and the functional properties of gluten were also studied. The results showed that the size of glutenin polymers remained consistently low until yellow ripeness (YR), while it increased during grain desiccation after YR. Hence, this polymerisation process was presumed to be initiated by desiccation. A similar polymerisation event was also observed when premature grains were dried artificially. The composition of gluten proteins, the ratios of glutenin to gliadin and high molecular weight-glutenin subunits to low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, in premature grain after artificial desiccation showed close association with the size of glutenin polymers in artificially dried grain. Functional properties of gluten in these samples were also associated with polymer size after artificial desiccation.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定干菊花中五种防腐剂

建立了同时测定干菊花中5种防腐剂的高效液相色谱分析方法,优化后的色谱条件为采用Waters XTerra C18色谱柱(3.9 mm×150 mm,5μm)分离,流动相为乙酸水溶液(0.1%)/甲醇梯度洗脱,用二极管阵列检测器在波长254 nm处进行检测。结果表明,5种防腐剂在18 min内可获得较好的分离效果,在0.1~20.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 8),检出限为0.001 5~0.059 0 mg/L,定量限为0.005 0~0.196 8 mg/L,加标回收率为85.9%~97.8%,RSD为0.5%~12.5%。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于检测干菊花中防腐剂。     

苯酚在干污泥上的吸附性能研究

采取实验方法，以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料制取干污泥作为吸附剂，研究了其在不同温度下对苯酚的吸附行为。结果表明，干污泥对苯酚的吸附在30℃温度下吸附速率最快，吸附过程遵循二级吸附动力学模型，并且Lagergren一级速率方程也可以较好地描述干污泥对苯酚的吸附；25℃时，干污泥对苯酚的吸附行为用Langmuir模型描述时相关性最好，其方程式为G=909．091×0．0031Ce／（1＋0．0031Ce），其最大吸附量为909．091mg·g^-1，k=0．0031。     

Effect of dietary inclusion of spray‐dried porcine plasma on performance,some physiological and immunological response of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella sofia

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of spray‐dried porcine plasma (SDPP) in broiler chickens under Salmonella sofia disease challenge. The experiment comprised five starter diets: positive control (no supplement), diet supplemented with in‐feed antibiotics (IFA; salinomycin 0.05% + zinc bacitracin 0.033%) and diets supplemented with SDPP at 10 or 20 g/kg diet. All four of these groups were challenged with S. sofia, while a fifth group was unchallenged and used as the negative control. The experimental diets were fed to 14 days; then, the birds were switched to commercial‐type grower and finisher diets. Oral inoculation of the challenged groups with S. sofia occurred on day 8, 10 and 12. Body weight was significantly higher in the birds fed diets containing IFA and SDPP than in the challenged control group, but it was only significant in starter and grower phases. In general, there was an improvement in the weights of the immune‐related organs, but it was only significant for the weight of the bursa of SDPP‐fed birds at 13 days. At day 13, blood potassium content was lower and the concentrations of IgG and IgM tended to be lower in the birds fed on low‐SDPP starter diets than those of the other groups. There were significant differences in the concentration of lactic acid in the ileum and acetic acid, formic acid, butyric acid and propionic acid in the caeca. Inclusion of SDPP to the starter diets of broiler chicks had positive effects on broiler performance, immunity and gut health during exposure to highly pathogenic conditions.     

泰国水果干出口机遇与挑战

农业在泰国国民经济中占有重要地位,农产品是泰国外汇收入的主要来源之一。近年来,随着人们生活和饮食习惯的改变,水果干市场发展较为迅速,为了提高泰国水果干在国际市场中的竞争力,通过研究泰国水果干国内外市场现状,采用了SWOT分析法,对泰国水果干的优势、劣势、机会与威胁进行分析,提出相关政策建议。     

不同干燥处理的罗汉果化学成分色谱指纹图谱分析

采用不同干燥温度和时间对6个不同产地的罗汉果鲜果进行处理,利用高效液相色谱指纹图谱及含量测定方法分析不同处理干果化学成分的差异,同时分析罗汉果果皮、果肉及种子的化学成分及其分布。结果表明,不同温度干燥的干果化学成分指纹图谱具有差异性,主要色谱峰强度以冷冻干燥样品的最强,96℃干燥的样品最弱;罗汉果苷V含量也以冷冻干燥处理的最高,96℃干燥处理的最低。此外,罗汉果果皮、果肉、种子色谱图中的主要色谱峰不一致,表明不同化学成分在果实不同部位的分布不同。因此,指纹图谱可用于检测罗汉果药材的质量,研究结果为科学炮制罗汉果药材及药效提供依据。     

高凝胶性蛋白粉制取工艺条件优化

为了进一步改善高凝胶蛋白粉的品质,探讨了利用酶交联反应制取高凝胶蛋白粉的新方法,在进行了琥珀酰化酪蛋白添加量、反应pH值、转谷氨酰胺酶添加量对蛋白粉凝胶强度影响的单因素试验基础上,该文通过响应面分析法对制取高凝胶性蛋白粉的酶交联反应条件进行了优化,并通过SDS-PAGE电泳、扫描电镜等手段探讨了酶交联蛋白粉凝胶性能增加的机理。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:琥珀酰化酪蛋白添加量2.29%、反应pH值5.87、转谷氨酰胺酶添加量1.06%、反应温度40℃、反应时间40min。理论最大凝胶值为1072.8g/cm2,验证值为1054.5g/cm2,说明预测模型可靠性高,可用于反应条件的优化。     

豆腐干类风味制品试制与质量控制技术的研究

[目的]建立地方特色豆腐干制品常温非制冷保藏的技术。[方法]以生产过程中的减菌消毒措施降低起始菌数目,点浆环节加入优选的食品防腐剂,与熟制、真空包装6、0Coγ射线辐照加工相结合,进行综合控菌。[结果]将清洗、加热灭菌、防止二次污染以及消毒等减菌措施综合运用,可降低豆腐干产品的起始细菌数;如该类产品保质期只要求在常温下5 d之内,可采用在点浆工序中加入丙酸钙（2.5 g/kg）及实施真空包装即可;如保质期要求在常温下30 d,可采用剂量为6 kGy的60Coγ射线对其真空包装制品作辐照处理即可,而其熟制品在同样条件下可放置90 d,产品风味保持良好。[结论]控制起始菌技术与熟制、真空包装6、0Coγ射线辐照加工相结合,进行综合控菌,可实现豆腐干风味制品常温非制冷保藏90 d的目标。     

日粮添加干玉米酒糟对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量、泌乳性能和瘤胃发酵的影响

文章旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例的干玉米酒糟对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量、泌乳性能和瘤胃发酵的影响。试验选择45头健康的中国荷斯坦奶牛,按照胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量进行区组设计,随机分配到3个处理组中,每组15头牛。对照组奶牛饲喂以玉米和豆粕为基础的日粮,不含有干玉米酒糟,试验1组和试验2组奶牛饲喂的日粮均以干玉米酒糟替代部分玉米和豆粕,替代比例分别为10%和20%(干物质基础)。预试期为2周,正试期为10周。试验结果表明,日粮添加干玉米酒糟显著提高了泌乳奶牛干物质采食量(P<0.05),而不同干玉米酒糟添加比例对奶牛的干物质采食量无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮添加干玉米酒糟显著提高了泌乳奶牛的产奶量,且呈剂量依赖效应(P<0.05)。日粮添加干玉米酒糟对乳成分无显著影响(P>0.05),但由于产奶量的增加显著增加了乳中营养成分含量(P<0.05)。日粮添加干玉米酒糟改变了瘤胃发酵模式,降低了瘤胃液乙酸摩尔比值(P<0.05),增加了丙酸和丁酸摩尔比值(P<0.05),降低了瘤胃液NH3-N浓度。因此,可以使用干玉米酒糟替代部分玉米和豆粕来配合奶牛日粮,本试验中以20%的添加量较为合适。