Glass transition behavior of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a major co-product from the corn ethanol industry, has high feed value for its chemical composition. The ratio of wet distillers grains (WDG) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) added during the production process determines the chemical composition of DDGS. Effect of changing this ratio and the influence of moisture content on glass transition behavior of DDGS was studied. Five prediction models were evaluated to explain the glass transition of DDGS. The mixed trends in the result indicated the complex behavior of DDGS particles and revealed that both moisture content and chemical composition impact the glass transition behavior of DDGS. Onset glass transition temperature ranged from 20 to 30 °C depending on the chemical composition. Kwei equation predictions were better than the predictions by Gordon-Taylor equation. The glass transition temperature of DDGS can be mathematically explained by combining the moisture content and chemical components protein, fiber, glycerol, and sugar percent. The artificial neural network (ANN) model gave a better prediction of onset and midpoint glass transition temperature of DDGS and this might be due to the accurate mapping of the interaction between chemical components.     

干湿粮混合干燥工艺中混合粮降水幅度的试验研究

在干湿粮混合实验台上进行混合粮降水幅度△Ｍ与原粮水分Ｍ，热介质温度Ｔ及干湿粮混合比ｎ的关系研究。以玉米小麦为例，分析各参数对△Ｍ及温风去水和冷风去水两工艺对△Ｍ的影响。     

Influences of dietary distillers dried grain level on growth performance,body composition and biochemical parameters of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary distillers dried grain (DDG) level on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Five diets (designated as DDG0, DDG7, DDG14, DDG21 and DDG28) were prepared to contain 0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 g kg^?1 DDG. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 11.6 ± 0.1 g were fed one of the diets for 8 weeks. Weight gain of fish fed diets containing 70–280 g kg^?1 DDG was not different to that of fish fed DDG0 diet (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency of fish fed DDG21 and DDG28 diets was lower than that of fish fed DDG0 diet (P < 0.05). The antioxidant enzyme and digestive enzyme activities were not affected by dietary DDG levels. The results of this experiment suggested that DDG is a valuable ingredient as a candidate to replace wheat flour in the diet and could be used up to 280 g kg^?1 for the growth of olive flounder. On the other hand, if lower feed efficiency of fish fed 210–280 g kg^?1 DDG is considered, up to 140 g kg^?1 DDG in diet is recommended for optimum feed utilization of fish.     

Effect of dietary inclusion of various plant ingredients as an alternative for Sargassum thunbergii on growth and body composition of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Two feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of different plant ingredients on growth and body composition of juvenile sea cucumber. In the first experiment, three replicate groups of the sea cucumber (average weight of 1.5 ± 0.05 g) were fed one of the seven experimental diets containing Sargassum thunbergii (CON), Undaria (UND), Laminaria (LAM), Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata (BRA), fermented soybean (FSB), distillers dried grain (DDG) and rice straw powder (RIC) for 10 weeks. After the feeding trial, survival was not significantly different among the dietary treatments. Specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumber fed the FSB diet (0.73) was significantly higher than that of sea cucumber fed the other diets (P < 0.05), except for the DDG diet (0.64). The lowest SGR was observed in sea cucumber fed the CON diet (0.14). Based on the result of the first experiment, the second experiment was conducted to determine the proper level of dietary DDG for growth of juvenile sea cucumber. Three replicate groups of sea cucumber (average weight of 1.6 ± 0.02 g) were fed one of the five experimental diets containing different levels (g kg^?1) of DDG (DDG0, DDG10, DDG20, DDG30 and DDG40) for 12 weeks. Survival was not significantly different among the treatments (P > 0.05). The best SGR was obtained in sea cucumber fed the DDG10 diet (10.1) and the value of sea cucumber fed the DDG40 diet (5.6) was the lowest (P < 0.05). The SGR of sea cucumber fed the DDG10 diet did not differ from that of sea cucumber fed the DDG20 diet (P > 0.05). Moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash contents of whole body in sea cucumber among the dietary treatments (P > 0.05) did not differ significantly at both experiments. Results of two feeding trial suggest that dietary inclusion with 100 g kg^?1 FSB or 100–200 g kg^?1 DDG may improve growth of juvenile sea cucumber, and especially DDG could be used as a good ingredient for the low‐cost feed formulation.     

鱼类休闲食品的研制

本文主要介绍了用新鲜或冻藏草鱼制作鱼肉松和五香鱼干的制作工艺,对制品的风味,工艺条件,包装材料,包装方法作了较详细的研究,根据多次实验的结果,找出了最佳工艺条件,制成了味道醇美,咸中带甜,鲜美可口,营养丰富的鱼肉制品。     

用发酵剂改良的风干香肠微生物特性的研究

为了改良风干肠的品质 ,试验把发酵剂人工接种入风干肠中 ,并且以自然发酵肠和直接烘烤的干肠作对照 ,通过对发酵和烘烤过程中微生物指标的研究 ,以及对产品的感官评定来鉴定其品质。结果表明 ,在发酵和烘烤过程中 ,乳酸菌为优势菌群     

Effects of Microbial Phytase Supplementation in Corn Distiller's Dried Grain with Solubles on Nutrient Digestibility and Growth Performance of Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial phytase in corn distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS) on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) and growth performance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In experiment 1, DDGS was supplemented with phytase at 0,300,600,900, and 1200 FTU/kg diet. A total of 180 fish (129.1±9.3 g) were stocked into six 140-L tanks with 30 fish/tank. Fish were assigned randomly to a reference diet and each of the 5 diets containing DDGS. Yttrium oxide was used as an inert marker. Results showed that ADCs in DDGS supplemented with different dosages of phytase were: dry matter, 49.1-58.6%; crude fat, 78.9-88.9%; crude protein, 80.0-91.9%; gross energy, 50.5-66.6%; minerals, -7.3-99.7%; and amino acids: 73.9 to 96.8%. In experiment 2, abasal diet containing 15% DDGS supplemented with lysine and methionine was used to determine if trace mineral supplemental levels in rainbow trout diets could be reduced if microbial phytase was supplemented. Six diets were made with trace mineral premix supplementation at 0.1, 0.08, 0.06, 0.04, 0.02, and 0%. Phytase was not supplemented in the basal diet, but supplemented at 500 FTU/kg diet in all other diets. Ten-week results showed that there were no significant differences in fish weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in fish body composition and apparent nutrient retention among fish fed all diets, except that fish fed a diet without trace mineral supplementation had the lowest zinc level and the highest manganese retention. Results indicated that phytase was effective in releasing most of minerals, and that trace mineral supplementation level could be reduced when phytase was used in rainbow trout diets.     

Effects of dietary 60 g kg−1 dried distiller's grains in least‐cost practical diets on production and gut allochthonous bacterial composition of cage‐cultured fish: comparison among fish species with different natural food habits

Dried distiller's grain (DDG) is considered as an alternative ingredient of dietary feed due to its high contents of protein, fibre and fat. In this study, 60 g kg^‐1 of DDG was used to feed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bluntnose black bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) for 8 weeks, and its effect on fish production and gut allochthonous microbiota was investigated for the development of a suitable fish feed high in nutrients and low in cost for polyculture freshwater fish. DDG supplementation resulted in the less weight gain and higher feed conversion ratio of black carp (P < 0.05), but had no significant effects on other fish or parameters. PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated that all four fish species had some common and unique bacteria in their digestive tracts, and the gut microbiota of bluntnose black and gibel carp fed the control diet and DDG diets were very similar (Cs > 91%); of them, the total counts of intestinal bacteria studied by qPCR increased in grass carp (P < 0.05) and depressed in black carp (P < 0.05) when fed dietary DDG. Thus, we assumed that dietary DDG modulated production and gut microbiota of fish in a host‐specific way.     

赤[鱼工]肌肉的营养成分及鱼松保健食品的试制

对赤鱼工肌肉营养成分进行了分析 ,其粗蛋白含量为 2 0 6 % (干基为 6 4 7% ) ;氨基酸分析结果表明 ,第一限制氨基酸为色氨酸 ,氨基酸评分为 92分 ,蛋白质营养价 ;无机质含量丰富 ,微量元素Se含量为 0 91mg/kg (干基 4 2 3mg/kg) ,Cu为 1 38mg/kg (干基为 6 4 2mg/kg) ,是含Se、Cu很高的水产品。赤鱼工肌肉经加工处理 ,可制得味美可口且食用方便的赤鱼工肉松     

不同乳酸菌发酵对桂圆肉中酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

【目的】比较不同乳酸菌种发酵对桂圆肉（干制的龙眼果肉）中游离态、结合态酚类物质含量和单体酚组成及其抗氧化活性的影响,为开发营养保健的乳酸菌发酵龙眼新产品提供参考。【方法】将桂圆肉打浆（料水比为1﹕1.5）后作为发酵基质,进行高温湿热灭菌,再分别接入7种不同乳酸菌（植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌、明串珠菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种和干酪乳杆菌,菌浓度：8.0-9.0 lg CFU/mL）,接种量为1%,在30℃下静置发酵48 h（pH 4.0-4.2）,然后对发酵前后桂圆肉中游离态和结合态总酚、总黄酮含量的变化进行分析,采用高效液相色谱法分析其单体酚类的组成及含量的变化,采用铁离子还原能力（ferric reducing abi1ity of plasma,FRAP）和氧自由基吸收能力（oxygen radical absorption capacity,ORAC）两种方法评价其体外抗氧化能力差异。【结果】7种乳酸菌发酵均能不同程度增加桂圆肉中游离态总酚和总黄酮含量,降低结合态总酚和总黄酮含量。与发酵前相比,发酵后桂圆肉游离态总酚含量增加0.4%-11.9%,结合态总酚含量下降14.4%-41.4%;游离态总黄酮含量增加2.8%-19.6%,结合态总黄酮含量下降19.6%-70.6%。但不同菌种对其影响存在差异,其中植物乳杆菌释放桂圆肉中结合态酚类物质的能力最强,使游离酚含量增加11.9%,结合态酚含量下降41.4%,游离态总黄酮增加19.6%,结合态总黄酮下降70.6%。不同乳酸菌发酵对桂圆肉中单体酚（没食子酸、丁香酸、表儿茶素、高儿茶酚、原儿茶酸、对香豆酸和异槲皮苷）含量影响亦存在显著差异（P＜0.05),其中发酵后的游离态的没食子酸和高儿茶酚含量分别增加8.6%-69.8%和0.4%-29.5%,结合态的没食子酸和高儿茶酚含量分别下降80.0%-88.3%和45.6%-73.9%。而乳酸菌发酵后,桂圆肉游离态FRAP和ORAC抗氧化能力与发酵前相比也有显著提高（P＜0.05),其中植物乳杆菌发酵后,游离态FRAP和ORAC抗氧化能力分别提高11.8%和59.1%。【结论】乳酸菌发酵能提高桂圆肉中游离态酚类物质含量,降低结合态酚类物质含量,同时提高其抗氧化能力。植物乳杆菌在发酵桂圆肉的过程中,其释放结合态酚类物质的能力明显优于其他乳酸菌,其发酵后桂圆肉的抗氧化能力也有明显提高。