Weeding techniques in transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice in Pakistan

Field studies were undertaken to explore the weed management strategies for transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice in the Dera Ismail Khan district of North-west Frontier Province, Pakistan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split plot arrangement. The main plots consisted of two planting techniques (transplantation and direct seeding), while weed control practises assigned to the subplots included the use of the granular herbicide Sunstar 15WG (ethoxy sulfuron), Machete 60EC (butachlor), conventional hand weeding, and the weedy check (untreated control). Data were recorded on weed dynamics and the agronomic parameters of the rice crop. Economic analyses on the data were also run. The weed density and biomass were lower in the transplantation plots than the direct-seeding plots. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor reduced the density over the weedy check, with a density comparable to hand weeding in 2002, but slightly higher in 2003. As a result of weed management by hand weeding and herbicides, the paddy yield and its components were significantly higher for the transplanted method compared to the direct-seeded method. The comparable yield of herbicides with hand weeding offers an option for the use of herbicides as an alternative management tool. In light of our findings, it is concluded that for good economic returns, rice crops may be transplanted rather than direct-seeded. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor offer a weed control cover comparable with hand weeding under the transplantation method, while butachlor is good for controlling weeds even under the direct-seeded conditions in the agroclimatic conditions of the area.     

Estimation of daily and total lactation milk yield of Chios ewes from single morning or evening records

Linear models were developed and evaluated for the estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield of dairy sheep from single morning (am) or evening (pm) milking records. A total of 22,908 individual test-day milk records of 5110 ewes of the Chios breed, raised in 46 flocks, were used. Depending on the model, different daily milk yield estimates were derived for each ewe, accounting for lactation number, stage of lactation, season of previous lambing and interval between successive milkings. Daily milk yield was also estimated from doubling the single am or pm record. Actual and estimated yields were compared using root mean square errors (RMSEs), mean absolute differences, an accuracy parameter defined as the ratio of the actual yield variance over the sum of the variances of actual yield and absolute difference, and the product moment correlation between estimated and actual yield. Results were validated on independent datasets. Linear models resulted in less biased and more accurate estimates of the daily milk yield than simply doubling the am or pm record. Root mean square errors decreased by 7-37% and the mean absolute difference was reduced by 1-4% of the average daily yield. Higher accuracy and correlation were obtained from linear model application than doubling. Total lactation milk yield was predicted based on actual daily yield and compared to predictions based on estimated daily yield from am or pm records, as well as directly on single milking records. Root mean square errors obtained when daily yield had been estimated with linear models were 26-35% lower compared to doubling the am or pm yield and 0-13% lower compared to estimating the total lactation yield directly from single milking records. Linear model application also resulted in lower mean absolute difference and higher accuracy and correlation than doubling the am or pm record. Recording the yield of a single milking (am or pm) instead of both can benefit milk recording by reducing its cost and increasing farmer participation. In this context, linear models developed in the present study can be used for the accurate estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield from single milking records.     

京郊露地蔬菜平衡施肥产量和养分数据库的建立

蔬菜施肥推荐需要了解作物的养分需求和收获部分带走的养分量。根据京郊地区露地蔬菜生产的调查结果,结合已有的相关文献和专家意见,建立了京郊露地主要栽培蔬菜的包括目标产量、经济产量、残茬产量、养分需求量、经济产量部分养分含量、作物残茬养分含量等内容的数据库。     

宁夏春小麦磷素利用效率的基因型差异研究

在不同施磷土壤条件下,采用肥料田间试验和测试分析方法,研究了宁夏春小麦磷素利用效率及其有关性状的基因型差异。结果表明,不论施磷与否,小麦籽粒产量、生物学产量、磷肥增产率、地上部茎叶和籽粒中含磷量以及磷素吸收累积量、磷素利用效率等均存在明显基因型差异,且这种差异在低磷条件下更为明显。在低磷条件下,籽粒生产中的磷素利用效率变化在160.1～448.3kg/kg之间,平均为223.1kg/kg,变异系数为23.05％;干物质生产中的磷素利用效率变化在332.6～898.5kg/kg之间,平均为458.4kg/kg,变异系数为22.57％。从中筛选出低磷高产高效品种8个。在较高供磷条件下,籽粒生产中的磷素利用效率变化在150.9～350.9kg/kg之间,平均为229.8kg/kg,变异系数为20.63％;于物质生产中的成素利用效率变化在358.3～746.5 kg/kg之间,平均为482.Ikg地,变异系数为 18.76％。从中筛选出高磷高产高效品种7个。通过相关分析,研究了不同供成条件下磷素利用效率与其它营养性状之间的关系,提出了培育磷高效品种的有用性状指标。     

外源甜菜碱对作物的抗旱作用效果研究

通过小麦浸种、水培、大面积喷施和茄子盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度外源甜菜碱对作物的抗旱作用效果。结果表明:外源甜菜碱浓度为25～50mg/L时可促进小麦种子发芽,光合作用强度[达7.07～7.57μmol/(s·m~2)]及生物学产量增加;在外源甜菜碱浓度100 mg/L时小麦幼苗叶片硝酸还原酶活性最高,达到35.23μg/(g·h),同时小麦抗旱性增强。数学模式寻优结果表明:在外源甜菜碱浓度26.4～68.9mg/L,土壤水分含量12.6％～20.7％时,可获得最佳的茄子生物总量。     

高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的品质效应研究进展

介绍了小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW—GS)的遗传，不同基因位点及位点内各等位亚基对品质的效应等研究进展，提出了通过回交转育创建几套不同高分子量谷蛋白亚基的近等基因系群，然后在同一遗传背景和不同遗传背景条件下分析高分子量谷蛋白亚基及其组合的品质效应及与遗传基础的关系。     

水稻旱作对其生长量和经济产量的影响

1998～1999年，研究了水稻旱作条件下，不同生育时期受水分胁迫后对作物生长量的影响。结果表明：不同指标对水分胁迫时期的敏感性不一，植株高度对抽穗期水分胁迫最敏感；单株绿叶面积和单株地上部干重对幼穗分化后期水分胁迫最敏感；根系干重和根冠比对幼穗分化前期水分胁迫最敏感；幼穗分化后期水分胁迫对经济产量影响程度最大，无效分蘖期水分胁迫对产量影响程度最小。     

充足底墒播后不灌水时肥料和播期组合对小麦生长和耗水的影响

在充足底墒播后不灌水条件下,进行了适当晚播(10月15日播)与超晚播条件下的小麦肥料试验。主要结果为:(1)播后不灌水条件下超晚播减产严重,主要是单位面积总粒数下降太多,通过适当提高穗密度难以补偿;(2)高施磷条件下(施磷二铵450kg/hm2),随施氮量的增加,开花前的耗水量没有增加,而灌浆期的耗水量则随氮肥用量增加而增加;(3)控制花前无效生长,降低花前耗水,优化开花后的群体结构,提高灌浆期的灌浆强度是降低总耗水、提高水分利用效率的基本途径。     

关中平原小麦产量对气候变化区域响应的评价模型研究

根据关中地区宝鸡、西安、渭南与咸阳 4地 (市 )的 1 949～ 1 999年的逐年小麦单产记录序列以及 4地 (市 )的气象观测站点自建站以来至 2 0 0 0年近 5 0年的气象记录序列 ,对关中地区小麦产量与年均温、年降水作相关分析 ;探讨了关中地区小麦单产对气候变化区域响应的评价模型。结果发现 :关中平原气候具有暖干化趋势 ;随着气温变暖 ,小麦产量增加幅度减小 ;小麦产量对降水波动的响应比对气温波动的响应显著。     

Toxigenic Fusarium species and Mycotoxins Associated with Head Blight in Small-Grain Cereals in Europe

The Fusarium species predominantly found associated with Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and other small-grain cereals all over Europe are F. graminearum, F. avenaceum and F. culmorum. Among the less frequently encountered species are several others which are less pathogenic or opportunistic, but also toxigenic. These include F. poae, F. cerealis F. equiseti F. sporotrichioides F. tricinctum and, to a lesser extent, F. acuminatum F. subglutinans F. solani F. oxysporum F. verticillioides F. semitectum and F. proliferatum. The species profile of FHB is due to several factors, primarily climatic conditions, particularly rain and the temperature at flowering stage, but also agronomic factors, such as soil cultivation, nitrogen fertilization, fungicides, crop rotation, and host genotype. The most frequently encountered Fusarium mycotoxins in FHB in Europe has proved to be deoxynivalenol and zearalenone produced by F. graminearum and F. culmorum with the former more common in southern (warmer) and the latter in northern (colder) European areas. Nivalenol was usually found associated with deoxynivalenol and its derivatives (mono-acetyldeoxynivalenols), together with fusarenone-X, formed by F. graminearum F. cerealis F. culmorum and, in northern areas, by F. poae. Moreover, from central to northern European countries, moniliformin has been consistently reported, as a consequence of the widespread distribution of F. avenaceum whereas the occurrence of T-2 toxin derivatives, such as T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, and diacetoxyscirpenol have been recorded in conjunction with sporadic epidemics of F. sporotrichioides and F. poae. Finally, beauvericin and various enniatins have recently been found in Finnish wheat colonized by F.avenaceum and F. poae.