基于阳离子型萜烯基环氧树脂多元醇的双组分水性聚氨酯的交联反应与性能

利用阳离子型萜烯基环氧树脂多元醇与聚异氰酸酯(EC385)配合制备双组分水性聚氨酯.通过纳米粒径分析表明,水性阳离子型萜烯基环氧树脂多元醇对EC385具有良好的分散性能,两者混合后,当固含量为30%～32%时,体系具有较理想的施工黏度.FT-IR分析表明,两者交联反应速率较快,室温(25 ℃)下5 h可完全反应.交联产物具有优异的柔韧性、附着力、抗冲击性能以及耐水、耐碱、耐污染、抗粘连性能;以一缩二乙二醇、1,4-丁二醇为扩链剂、提高-NCO与-OH物质的量之比可增强交联产物的硬度及耐醇性.     

Herd diagnosis of low pathogen diarrhoea in growing pigs – a pilot study

Background

The major indication for antibiotic use in Danish pigs is treatment of intestinal diseases post weaning. Clinical decisions on antibiotic batch medication are often based on inspection of diarrhoeic pools on the pen floor. In some of these treated diarrhoea outbreaks, intestinal pathogens can only be demonstrated in a small number of pigs within the treated group (low pathogen diarrhoea). Termination of antibiotic batch medication in herds suffering from such diarrhoea could potentially reduce the consumption of antibiotics in the pig industry. The objective of the present pilot study was to suggest criteria for herd diagnosis of low pathogen diarrhoea in growing pigs.Data previously collected from 20 Danish herds were used to create a case series of clinical diarrhoea outbreaks normally subjected to antibiotic treatment. In the present study, these diarrhoea outbreaks were classified as low pathogen (<15% of the pigs having bacterial intestinal disease) (n =5 outbreaks) or high pathogen (≥15% of the pigs having bacterial intestinal disease) (n =15 outbreaks). Based on the case series, different diagnostic procedures were explored, and criteria for herd diagnosis of low pathogen diarrhoea were suggested. The effect of sampling variation was explored by simulation.

Results

The diagnostic procedure with the highest combined herd-level sensitivity and specificity was qPCR testing of a pooled sample containing 20 randomly selected faecal samples. The criteria for a positive test result (high pathogen diarrhoea outbreak) were an average of 1.5 diarrhoeic faecal pools on the floor of each pen in the room under investigation and a pathogenic bacterial load ≥35,000 per gram in the faecal pool tested by qPCR. The bacterial load was the sum of Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira pilosicoli and Escherichia coli F4 and F18 bacteria per gram faeces. The herd-diagnostic performance was (herd-level) diagnostic sensitivity =0.99, diagnostic specificity =0.80, positive predictive value =0.94 and negative predictive value =0.96.

Conclusions

The pilot study suggests criteria for herd diagnosis of low pathogen diarrhoea in growing pigs. The suggested criteria should now be evaluated, and the effect of terminating antibiotic batch medication in herds identified as suffering from low pathogen diarrhoea should be explored.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2046-0481-67-24) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Odor Modification in Salmon Hydrolysates Using the Maillard Reaction

The aim of this work was to study the effect of adding sugar during proteolysis to promote the Maillard reaction and mask the initial fish odor and off-flavors generated. An experimental design, based on the Doehlert plan, was used to study the influence of hydrolysis conditions (time, temperature, sugar, and antioxidant addition) on the odor characteristics of hydrolysates, soluble protein levels, and amino acid content. Results showed that the lowest level of sugar (10 g of D-xylose added to 1 kg of by-products) was enough to develop a grilled odor in hydrolysates. In the hydrolysis conditions used—i.e., enzyme inactivation at 95°C for 30 min—hydrolysis temperature had no effect on grilled odor production but significantly affected the soluble protein fraction, as did hydrolysis time. Soluble protein content and essential amino acid content increased with the enzymatic reaction but were not modified by adding sugar. Hydrolysis conditions that promote Maillard reactions while keeping a nutritional balance have been identified.     

黑斑原鮡AFLP分析体系的建立

建立黑斑原鮡(Glyptosternum maculatum)AFLP反应体系,对DNA提取、双酶切、连接、预扩增、选择性扩增和银染效果进行了探索。结果表明,40μLTaqI酶切体系中65℃先酶切2h,EcoRI酶切和连接同时进行,EcoRI酶和T4DNA连接酶的用量均以2U为宜,温度与时间分别为37℃和3h,连接产物稀释10倍作为预扩增的模板。利用这种优化的反应体系,5对选择性扩增引物组合表现出较高的稳定性、清晰度和多态性,它们分别是:E-AAC/T-AAT、E-AAC/T-AAG、E-AAG/T-ACA、E-AAG/T-AAT和E-AAT/T-AGA。5对引物组合对96个样本扩增,共得到332条清晰可辨、可重复的条带,平均每对引物组合扩增出66.4条带,其中51条带是多态的。将AFLP技术用于黑斑原鮡的研究,通过优化体系的建立,为其种质资源的研究奠定基础。     

土壤的石灰反应强度估测CaCO_3含量和pH研究——以山西省黄土性母质土壤为例

pH和CaCO_3含量是土壤常规分析的两个测定指标,但其室内测定均需借助相应的仪器设备完成,耗时费力。以山西省土系调查采集的110个典型土壤剖面的426个发生层土样的野外测定的石灰反应强度和实验室测定的土壤pH、CaCO_3含量、交换性钠饱和度(Exchangeable Sodium Percentage,ESP)数据为基础,尝试建立石灰反应强度与pH、CaCO_3含量之间的定量关系模型。结果表明:北方黄土性母质土壤,当pH9.0时,CaCO_3含量是影响土壤pH的重要因素,二者的回归拟合最优关系符合幂函数曲线;当pH9.0时,CaCO_3与pH之间无明显关系。石灰反应强度在一定程度上可以半定量地反映pH或CaCO_3含量,但其确定的pH或CaCO_3含量尚是一个范围,并非精确值。同时,从发生学意义角度,土壤中CaCO_3含量高低对形态学研究具有重要意义,在这种情况下,如果需要用pH或CaCO_3含量来确定准确的土壤系统分类类型(如确定土体是否为酸性、具有钙积层/钙积现象等),为慎重起见建议还是以实验室的准确测定数据为准;对于非碱化(pH9.0)、野外有泡沫反应的北方黄土性母质土壤,无论泡沫反应强弱和CaCO_3含量高低,土壤pH基本稳定在8.51±0.49,这一pH范围对作物生长基本没有制约,如果仅从pH或CaCO_3含量是否影响作物生长角度考虑,无需实验室测定pH或CaCO_3含量。     

基于大宗粮食作物的黑龙江省农用天气预报研究进展

阐述了农用天气预报内涵,指出农业气象指标、一季稻生产适宜性评价、春玉米生长发育气象适宜程度诊断技术、农用天气预报业务系统是黑龙江省大宗粮食作物农用天气预报关键技术,农业气象指标是农用天气预报的根本依据;一季稻生产适宜性评价和春玉米生长发育气象适宜程度诊断技术是核心技术;业务系统是关键技术的集成及业务应用平台。基于已有研究成果、文献等分析遴选建立技术指标数据库。利用层次分析法分析明确了水库和塘坝数量以及生长季降水量是影响水稻生产的重要因素,水资源是保证黑龙江水稻生产可持续发展的首要条件,黑龙江省一季稻生产的优势地区主要集中于哈尔滨大部。基于春玉米不同生长发育期对温度、降水及日照的需求,建立玉米各气候因子适宜度模型,分析表明玉米对3个气候因子的适宜性表现为日照>温度>降水,可见水分是限制玉米生产的主要气候因子。利用计算机高级程序编译及集成技术研发的农用天气预报业务系统能够实现玉米和一季稻农用天气预报,系统运行良好,服务效果理想。     

MWNTs/TiO2光催化降解氧乐果农药影响因素及动力学研究

通过合成多壁碳纳米管/二氧化钛(MWNTs/TiO_2)复合光催化剂,研究其对氧乐果农药的降解效率和作用机理,为去除水体中农药提供高效环保的水处理技术。通过溶胶-凝胶法制备MWNTs/TiO_2复合光催化剂,其中钛酸丁酯:异丙醇:水摩尔比为1∶25∶3、MWNTSs为0.5 g、MWNTSs与TiO_2质量比为100∶1.5。采用批实验法考察了复合材料投加量(200、400、600、800、1 000 mg/L)、溶液p H值(3、5、7、9、11)、氧乐果初始浓度(20、75、150 mg/L)、温度(15℃、25℃、35℃)、光照强度(385、560 W)等因素对其降解效果的影响,对比了MWNTs/TiO_2和TiO_2两种催化剂对降解效果,并通过SEM和EDS等手段对MWNTs/TiO_2复合光催化剂进行表征。结果表明,TiO_2均匀覆盖在MWNTs上,其中TiO_2占复合光催化剂的质量分数为59.59%;MWNTs/TiO_2复合光催化剂对氧乐果的降解效率受复合材料投加量、溶液p H值、氧乐果初始浓度、温度、光照强度等因素影响较大,在氧乐果初始浓度75 mg/L、MWNTs/TiO_2投加量600 mg/L、p H值为3、温度35℃及光照强度560 W最佳条件下,MWNTs/TiO_2对氧乐果的光催化降解率为60.71%。降解动力学分析发现降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,降解速率常数为0.0033 h-1。在同样的条件下,MWNTs/TiO_2复合光催化剂比TiO_2降解效率提高了8.45%。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫腈对黏虫细胞色素P450基因表达的影响

为筛选出黏虫Mythimna separata参与杀虫剂解毒代谢的主效细胞色素P450基因,采用叶片浸渍法测定了用于处理黏虫3龄幼虫的亚致死浓度,通过构建转录组测序文库并结合数字基因表达(digital gene expression,DGE)对不同处理的黏虫进行测序,并运用实时荧光定量PCR(realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)技术验证12个P450基因的表达情况。结果表明,用于处理黏虫的氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫腈亚致死浓度LC_(10)分别为0.15、13.66 mg/L;对照样品、氟虫腈处理样品和氯虫苯甲酰胺处理样品分别获得59 521 504、64 838 148和41 722 990个原始序列数据,分别获得57 441 216、62 368 912和40 285 164个过滤后的序列数据;过滤后的序列长度分别为8.62、9.36和6.04 G;碱基错误率均为0.02%;Phred数值大于20、30的碱基占总碱基的百分比均高于90.59%;鸟嘌呤+胞嘧啶(guanine cytosine,GC)含量分别为47.16%、48.94%和47.55%,表明转录组测序质量较高;黏虫受氯虫苯甲酰胺胁迫后,29个P450基因表达量上调,27个P450基因表达量下调;黏虫受氟虫腈胁迫后,23个P450基因表达量上调,26个P450基因表达量下调;12个P450基因表达量的RT-qPCR技术检测结果与DGE测序文库显示的结果基本一致。