云南水牛资源及利用

云南水牛资源丰富,发展潜力大,本文简要论述了云南水牛的生态分布,体形外貌,遗传多样性及其生产性能,并指出云南水牛由役用型向役,肉,乳兼用型的利用方向发展。     

IMP improves water‐holding capacity,physical and sensory properties of heat‐induced gels from porcine meat

Water‐holding capacity (WHC) of heat‐induced pork gels was examined. The heat‐induced gels were obtained from meat homogenates prepared by adding nine volumes of 0.3–0.5 mol/L NaCl solutions containing 9–36 mmol/L disodium inosine‐5′‐monophosphate (IMP) or 9 mmol/L tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (KPP) to minced pork. IMP at 36 mmol/L enhanced the WHC to the same level as attained by KPP. Physical and sensory properties of heat‐induced gels were also examined. The heat‐induced gels were prepared from porcine meat homogenates containing 0.3 mol/L NaCl and 9–36 mmol/L IMP or 9 mmol/L KPP. IMP at 36 mmol/L enhanced the values of hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and springiness, measured with a Tensipresser, and several organoleptic scores to the same level as the score attained by KPP. Thus, it is concluded that IMP is expected to be a practical substitute for pyrophosphates to improve the quality of sausages.     

Influence of varying dietary electrolyte balance on broiler performance under tropical summer conditions

A 6‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of varying dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on growth performance and physiological responses in broiler chicks reared during hot summer months (26.1–37.5 °C). The average minimum and maximum room temperatures recorded from 14 to 42 days of age were 26.1 and 37.5 °C, respectively, with relative humidity ranging from 51% to 55%. Five DEB treatments supplying 0, 50, 150, 250 and 350 (Na⁺+K⁺–Cl^?) mEq/kg of diet were prepared by adding NaHCO₃ and/or NH₄Cl to basal diet that contained 185 mEq/kg from 1 to 28 days and 172 mEq/kg from 29 to 42 days. These DEB diets were randomly offered to six experimental units of 20 chicks each. Improved 42‐day body weight gain (BWG), feed:gain (F:G) and reduced mortality was noted with DEB 50, 150 and 250 mEq/kg compared to DEB 0 and 350 mEq/kg. A quadratic effect of increasing DEB level was observed on BWG and F:G, whereas the effect was linear for feed intake, water intake and litter moisture. The DEB 50, 150 and 250 maintained better blood pH, pCO₂ and HCO₃ concentrations during acute heat stress periods than that of 0 and 350. The blood heterophil and lymphocyte percent as well as heterophil:lymphocyte were remained unaffected. The lowest DEB (0 mEq/kg) diet reduced the feed intake and promoted metabolic acidosis. At 350 mEq/kg DEB, water intake and metabolic alkalosis were promoted probably due to high levels of dietary NaHCO₃. The study concluded that overall better performance was recorded with DEB 50, 150 and 250 mEq/kg. These results indicated that single optimal DEB value could not be recommended to combat heat stress in broilers.     

甘肃省坡耕地利用状况与退耕还林还草技术对策研究

对甘肃省坡耕地的利用状况及其退耕的可行性进行了较为全面的分析,按照因地制宜的原则,将退耕区域划分为陇中黄土丘陵沟壑区、陇东黄土台塬区、山高坡陡的陇南山区与河西防风固沙区四大区,并就各区退耕后的还林还草方式进行了具体的论证,提出了15°～25°和25°以上坡耕地退耕还林还草的具体技术对策。     

缓释复方免疫增强剂有效药物释放量及安全性试验

将100只14日龄健康肉杂仔鸡随机分成A、B、C、D、E 5个试验组,每组20只鸡,A、B、C、D 4组为试验组,E组为对照组。A、B、C 3组试验鸡每只分别投服批号为0308、0312、0402的缓释复方免疫增强剂1粒,进行有效药物释放量测定试验,试验结果表明,药物投服后日均磨损量20d前为6.2~6.7 mg,30 d前为6.0~6.3 mg,日均药物有效释放量为2.40~2.52 mg,经方差分析,批间差异不显著(P0.05),均在有效剂量之间,药物的有效释放期均在30 d以上。D组试验鸡每只投服缓释复方免疫增强剂3粒,进行有效药物安全性试验,试验结果表明,仔鸡投服后食、饮欲正常,精神状态良好,与对照组鸡相比未发现任何不良反应,从而说明该缓释制剂在鸡体内是安全有效的。     

科尔沁沙地灌溉与施肥对退化草地生产力的影响

在科尔沁沙地典型退化草地上开展了裂区组合设计的灌溉与施肥二因素试验。结果表明,科尔沁沙地退化草地土壤储水量受降水量的影响强烈。由于受到干旱气候和灌溉量的影响,灌水仅对地表0~30 cm的土壤含水量变化有作用,对深层土壤的含水量没有作用。灌溉和施肥对沙地退化草地的植物生物量有着明显的促进作用。灌溉处理中,灌溉90 mm试验区的植被生物量为最高(128.3 g/m2),施肥处理中,每hm2施600 kg氮肥试验区的植被生物量为最高(147.3 g/m2)。灌溉90,60,30 mm和对照试验区的植被耗水量分别为379.00,349.90,313.20和293.50 mm。与其相应的水分利用率分别为0.28,0.38,0.34和0.35 kg/(mm.hm2)。综合分析认为科尔沁沙地退化草地的基本耗水量为294 mm。     

Diagnostic evaluation and short-term outcome as indicators of long-term prognosis in horses with findings suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease treated with corticosteroids and anthelmintics

Background

Recurrent colic and unexplained weight loss despite good appetite and adequate feeding and management practices are common conditions in the horse. However, little information has been published on the systematic diagnostic evaluation, response to treatment, prognostic factors or outcome of either presentation. The aims of this study were to 1) identify possible prognostic indicators and 2) report the short- and long-term response to treatment with corticosteroid therapy of a variety of horses with a presumptive diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Thirty-six horses with a history of recurrent colic and/or unexplained weight loss were screened with a detailed clinical, clinicopathological and diagnostic imaging examination. Twenty horses were subsequently selected that had findings consistent with inflammatory bowel disease based on the fulfilment of one or more of the following additional inclusion criteria: hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, malabsorption, an increased intestinal wall thickness on ultrasonographic examination or histopathological changes in rectal biopsy. These 20 horses were treated with a standardized larvicidal anthelmintic regime and a minimum of three weeks of corticosteroid therapy.

Results

The initial response to treatment was good in 75% (15/20) of horses, with a 3-year survival rate of 65% (13/20). The overall 3-year survival in horses that responded to initial treatment (12/15) was significantly higher (P = 0.031) than in those that did not respond to initial treatment (1/5). The peak xylose concentration was significantly (P = 0.048) higher in survivors (1.36 ± 0.44 mmol/L) than non-survivors (0.94 ± 0.36 mmol/L).

Conclusions

The overall prognosis for long-term survival in horses with a presumptive diagnosis of IBD appears to be fair to moderate, and the initial response to anthelmintic and corticosteroid therapy could be a useful prognostic indicator. The findings of the present study suggest that a low peak xylose concentration in absorption testing is associated with a less favourable prognosis, supporting the use of this test.     

滴头埋设深度对土壤水分运移及草坪草生长的影响

草坪地下滴灌与喷灌相比,具有节水、方便管理等优点。为了掌握滴灌中滴头的适宜埋设深度,通过模拟及实地试验,对地下滴灌土壤水分分布及其对草坪生长的影响进行了观测分析。结果表明:在流量和灌水时间一定的情况下,随着埋深的增加,湿润锋在水平方向的运移距离减小,在垂直方向上增大;相同埋深时,滴头两侧的含水率分布对称。在高羊茅((Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Pixie))生长旺季,不同埋深处理对地上生物量影响显著(P<0.05),埋深20cm显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);不同埋深处理植株密度差异不显著;不同埋设深度对高羊茅根系分布有一定的影响,在每个滴头附近的根系密度和重量明显增加。     

Short-term transportation in a small vehicle affects the physiological state and subsequent water consumption in goats

We investigated the physiological effects on goats of transportation for one hour in a small truck. We also investigated food and water consumption after transportation. Eight adult goats (four castrated males and four ovariectomized females) were used. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids increased significantly within 15 min of the start of transportation, and these higher levels were maintained throughout transportation. These results indicate that transportation in a small truck activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system in goats. Despite activation of the sympathetic nervous system, heart rate (HR) in subjected animals during transportation did not differ from during the control animals, which were housed in their usual pen. However, after the transportation had ended and the goats started to eat fodder, HR increased significantly. There was no difference in the amount of food consumption between the control and transported goats. Water consumption in the first three hours after transportation was significantly lower in the transported goats than in the controls for the equivalent period. In the subsequent three hours, however, the transported goats consumed more water than the controls. Consequently, the total water consumption of the transported goats did not differ from that of the controls during the six hours after transportation. In conclusion, short-term transportation with a small vehicle activated the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system in goats. HR was not increased during transportation, but after the transportation had ended HR in transported goats was higher than that in control goats. After transportation, goats had consumed the same amount of food as control goats, but water consumption during three hours after the transportation was lower than that of control goats.     

酸化饮水对断奶獭兔肠道形态及内脏器官发育的影响

 通过在饮水中添加不同量的复合酸,研究不同pH饮水对断奶獭兔肠道形态及内脏器官发育的影响。40只体重相近的35日龄美系白色断奶獭兔按公母各半随机分为4组,每组10只,A组为对照组,饮用自来水;B组饮水中添加0.55%复合酸,pH 5.0;C组饮水中添加0.85%复合酸,pH 4.3;D组饮水中添加3.3%复合酸,饮水pH 3.6。结果表明,与对照组相比,pH 4.3饮水能显著增加脾脏重和脾脏指数（P<0.05）;酸化饮水能提高断奶獭兔其他内脏器官重,改善内脏器官指数,但和对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。酸化饮水可以改善断奶獭兔肠道形态,增加绒毛高度、降低隐窝深度,饮水酸度pH 4.3时可显著增加十二指肠绒毛高度（P<0.05）,并降低空肠肠壁厚度（P<0.05）;饮水酸度pH 3.6时可显著降低回肠肠壁厚度（P<0.05）;酸化饮水对空肠、回肠绒毛高度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度和肠壁厚度也有一定改善,以pH 4.3饮水酸度改善最好,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。结果显示,酸化饮水可以在一定程度上改善断奶獭兔内脏器官发育和肠道形态,其中以pH 4.3改善效果最好。