青海湖地区植物中非必需微量元素含量特征

采集青海湖地区各类植被中的46种主要植物样品，进行了As,Sb,Hg,Pb,Cd5种非必需微量元素的分析测试，并对植物及植被非必需微量元素含量特征进行了初步分析，为青海湖地区植物生态学、环境地球化学、生物地球化学研究等提供一些基础资料。     

Carbon Sequestration in Restored Soils by Applying Organic Amendments

The study of different natural carbon sinks has become especially important because of climate change effects. The restoration of contaminated areas can be an ideal strategy for carbon sequestration. The studied area was affected by toxic Aznalcóllar mine spill in 1998. Restoration process of the contaminated area was based, mainly, on the use of two organic amendments: leonardite (LE) and biosolid compost (BC). The objective of this study was to verify whether the application of these amendments promotes the long‐term carbon sequestration in this soil. Five treatments were established: untreated control, biosolid compost (doses 4 and 2) and leonardite (doses 4 and 2). The addition of amendments implied an improvement in soil quality that was directly related to the amendment dose: decrease in bulk density, increase in pH, higher respiration rates and an improvement in the stratification ratio. Dose‐dependent changes in the molecular composition of soil organic matter were shown by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Both amendments promoted carbon retention, although because of the low mineralization rates of soil organic matter in LE treatments, the carbon storage was higher. The dosage effect on the carbon balance was more important in LE treatments, whereas in the BC treatments, the balance was similar for both doses. Our findings suggest that LE4 significantly increased the total organic carbon and it was the most suitable treatment for long‐term carbon storage, because of its molecular composition rich in relatively stable aromatic and lignin‐derived compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微生物活性指标: 重金属污染下的土壤质量敏感指标

Physicochemical properties, total and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)-extractable Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd contents, microbial biomass carbon (C) content and the organic C mineralization rate of the soils in a long-term trace metal-contaminated paddy region of Guangdong, China were determined to assess the sensitivity of microbial indices to moderately metal-contaminated paddy soils. The mean contents of total Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were 251, 250, 171, and 2.4 mg kg^-1 respectively. DTPA-extractablc metals were correlated positively and significantly with total metals, CEC, and organic C (except for DTPA-extractable Cd), while they were negatively and highly significantly correlated with pH, total Fe and Mn. Metal stress resulted in relatively low ratios of microbial biomass C to organic C and in remarkable inhibition of the microbial metabolic quotient and C minera]ization rate, which eventually led to increases in soil organic C and C/N. Moreover, microbial respiratory activity showed a stronger correlation to DTPA-extractable metals than to total metal content. Likewise, in the acid paddy soils some "linked" microbial activity indices, such as metabolic quotient and ratios of basal respiration to organic C, especially during initial incubation, were found to be more sensitive indicators of soil trace metal contamination than microbial biomass C or basal respiration alone.     

Variability of CO2 and N2O emissions during freeze‐thaw cycles: results of model experiments on undisturbed forest‐soil cores

The amounts of N₂O released in periods of alternate freezing and thawing depend on site and freezing conditions, and contribute considerably to the annual N₂O emissions. However, quantitative information on the N₂O emission level of forest soils in freeze‐thaw cycles is scarce, especially with regard to the direct and indirect effect of tree species and the duration of freezing. Our objectives were (i) to quantify the CO₂ and N₂O emissions of three soils under beech which differed in their texture, C and N contents, and humus types in freeze‐thaw cycles, and (ii) to study the effects of the tree species (beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)) for silty soils from two adjacent sites and the duration of freezing (three and eleven days) on the emissions. Soils were adjusted to a matric potential of –0.5 kPa, and emissions were measured in 3‐hr intervals for 33 days. CO₂ emissions of all soils were similar in the two freeze‐thaw cycles, and followed the temperature course. In contrast, the N₂O emissions during thawing differed considerably. Large N₂O emissions were found on the loamy soil under beech (Loam‐beech) with a maximum N₂O emission of 1200 μg N m^–2 h^–1 and a cumulative emission of 0.15 g N m^–2 in the two thawing periods. However, the sandy soil under beech (Sand‐beech) emitted only 1 mg N₂O‐N m^–2 in the two thawing periods probably because of a low water‐filled pore space of 44 %. The N₂O emissions of the silty soil under beech (Silt‐beech) were small (9 mg N m^–2 in the two thawing periods) with a maximum emission of 150 μg N m^–2 h^–1 while insignificant N₂O emissions were found on the silty soil under spruce (0.2 mg N m^–2 in the two thawing periods). The cumulative N₂O emissions of the short freeze‐thaw cycles were 17 % (Sand‐beech) or 22 % (Loam‐beech, Silt‐beech) less than those of the long freeze‐thaw cycles, but the differences between the emissions of the two periods were not significant (P ≤ 0.05). The results of the study show that the amounts of N₂O emitted in freeze‐thaw cycles vary markedly among different forest soils and that the tree species influence the N₂O thawing emissions in forests considerably due to direct and indirect impacts on soil physical and chemical properties, soil structure, and properties of the humus layer.     

稻萍鱼体系中红萍供氮的特点

应用~(15)N示踪技术,研究了稻萍鱼共生体系中红萍氮素的循环利用效率。试验结果表明,红萍作饵针对尼罗罗非鱼生长有良好效率,早、晚季稻田的鱼体增重率分别为47.9％和52.1％。鱼体排泄物对水稻生长有益,其稻谷产量与等量红萍压施作肥料的结果相近。早、晚季稻田罗非鱼对~(15)N-红萍的利用率分别为21.73％和23.76％,早、晚季水稻对鱼体排泄物中~(15)N利用率分别为18.90％和16.59％,其~(15)N总利用率分别达40.63％和40.35％。而红萍直接压施作肥料,早、晚季稻株对萍体氮素的利用率分别为28.84％和24.30％。     

Analysis of embedded gas detection system based on nano-porphyrin arrays

In view of the necessity of gas detection in environment, an embedded gas detection system is designed based on the basic principles of chromatography change of chemical reaction between nano-porphyrin arrays and micro-gas, which takes ARM9 S3C2440A as the core and nano-porphyrin array as the sensors. The overall program, the circuit organization and control software of the main function module such as spectrum signal acquisition, processing and monitoring are presented. With energy conservation differential equation, the control model of temperature and flow rate in the sample chamber is established, which can precisely control the detection conditions of chemical sensors. Some typical trace gases such as ammonia, enanthaldehyde, cyclohexane and hexanal are tested by the system, and the results show that the system can achieve rapid and accurate detection of trace volatile gas.     

遥感区域大小对森林蓄积估测影响规律的研究

该文将 1幅TM遥感图像分别分成 1 4及 1 2幅 ,通过实例分析了 1 4,1 2及整幅TM图像所能达到的几何精校正精度 .然后 ,以样地对应的遥感和GIS信息为影响森林蓄积估测的变量 ,采用最小二乘原理及岭迹分析 ,研究了上述 3种不同面积幅值图像对应林区影响森林蓄积估测的主要变量 .由 3种不同面积遥感区域蓄积估测方程中所含变量的个数、种类及预报精度 ,详细分析了遥感区域大小对蓄积估测的影响规律     

花粉中Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn元素次级形态分析研究

以油菜、玉米、茶和莲花粉为实验材料 ,分别用 0 .45μm滤膜、40 1螯合树脂、XAD-2树脂 ,将花粉中 Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn分为悬浮态和可溶态、稳定态与不稳定态、有机态与无机态 6种形态。结果表明 :次级形态以悬浮态和可溶态、稳定态与不稳定态、有机态与无机态等多种形态共存 ,其中 Fe、Mn元素不稳定态含量均大于 5 0 % ,Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn元素大部分以无机态形式存在     

微肥和有机肥对保山红土晒烟品质的影响

为研究中微肥和有机肥对红土晒烟外观和内在品质的影响,探索提高和改善红土晒烟品质的有效途径,试验在基肥中加入有机肥,和大田生长期在叶面喷施中微量元素肥料,结果表明:施用有机肥的处理与对照相比,产量增加7.3%￣20.9%,产值增加8.8%￣25.3%,以厩肥 菜籽饼处理的效果最好;四个喷施微肥的处理其产量和产值均超过了喷清水的对照,其中产量增加6.7%￣15.6%,产值增加6.8%￣20.5%,以喷施镁肥的增幅最大。另外,喷施硼肥的处理与对照相比,烟碱降低了29.5%,总糖提高了20.9%;施用有机肥的处理,上部叶总糖、还原糖、总氮和蛋白质含量比对照增加,但烟碱变化不大。因此,红土晒烟生产上控制在适宜用量范围内使用有机肥是可行的。此外,施用有机肥还使红土晒烟的评吸质量获得提高。在团棵期和旺长期喷施硼肥,掌握在适宜用量的范围不仅可有效降低红土晒烟的烟碱含量,使烟丝化学成分更趋协调,而且改善了红土晒烟的香气品质,使整体内在质量获得提高。     

基于地统计学和15N技术的湿地土壤氮素 空间运移理论探讨

地统计学是探讨自然环境要素空间异质性的有效工具,它适合于定量研究区域化变量的空间结构变异特征。湿地土壤氮素是时空连续的变异体,不论尺度大小均具有高度的空间异质性,而其变量又属于区域化变量,同时具有随机性和结构性特征。因15N示踪技术能够示踪氮素物质的踪迹,而用15N标记的示踪体在湿地土壤中运移时所产生的丰度变化又具有空间异质性,故可考虑将二者结合起来来定量探讨湿地土壤氮素的空间运移。在此,就试对这一问题进行了较为系统和完整的理论探讨。