水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿产量、品质和微量元素的影响

干旱严重影响牧草生长和生产,是黄土高原地区畜牧业发展的重要限制因素之一,深入理解牧草对水分供应的响应有助于优化管理、提高草地生产力。在温室控水条件下,探究了田间饱和含水量(FWC)的35%、50%、65%和80%,共4个水分水平下紫花苜蓿的生产性能差异,阐明水分胁迫对黄土高原牧草的影响。结果表明:1) 随水分胁迫的增强,紫花苜蓿株高和单株干鲜重均显著降低(P<0.05),但在65%FWC和80%FWC处理间干鲜重差异不显著。2) 50%FWC处理下紫花苜蓿中性洗涤纤维显著低于65%FWC处理(P<0.05),但与其他处理均无显著差异;35%FWC和80%FWC处理下粗蛋白含量显著高于50%FWC和65%FWC处理;可消化干物质、可消化养分总量、可消化干物质摄取量和相对饲喂价值在各水分水平下无显著变化。3) 随水分胁迫的增强,Cu和Fe浓度呈先升后降的趋势,而Mg和Mn则呈相反的趋势,Zn呈升高的趋势。5种微量元素的积累量在各水分水平下均差异不大,仅在80%FWC处理下Mg和Mn显著高于35%FWC和50%FWC处理。因此,轻度水分胁迫有利于紫花苜蓿产量和品质的提高,在50%FWC处理下,紫花苜蓿纤维含量低,营养价值高;在65%FWC处理下,紫花苜蓿产量较高。微量元素Mn、Mg、Cu和Fe在一定程度上可反映紫花苜蓿的品质特征。     

鲆鲽鱼类维生素及微量元素营养需求研究进展

随着海水鱼养殖规模的不断扩大,对鲆鲽鱼类养殖以及其饲料开发的研究也随之增多.对国内外维生素和微量元素研究进展做了系统性的综述,以期为开展鲆鲽鱼类健康养殖和其饲料开发提供借鉴。     

Discrimination between Japanese and Chinese Products using trace elements concentration of kernel in pickled Japanese apricot

pp. 875–880

The trace-element composition of kernel in pickled Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) was determined using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer in order to distinguish between Japanese products and Chinese products.

Strontium and barium concentrations in the kernels of Chinese products were 10 or more times those of the Japanese ones. When based on 8.0 mg kg^?1 of strontium concentration in kernel, 93.2% of sample was distinguished as Japanese products or Chinese ones.

Applying principal component analysis using 9 elements (Mn, Zn, Fe, Ni, Ba, Sr, Cu, Co, Cr), the pickled Japanese apricots tend to separate into two countries. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using 9 elements allowed a reasonable classification of pickled Japanese apricots according to the country of production.

The result of the analysis of K-nearest neighbors (KNN) was better than that of LDA.     

Examination of thermal and acid hydrolysis procedures in characterization of soil organic matter

Abstract

Differential thermogravimetry (DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and stepwise thermogravimetry (STG), together with two acid hydrolysis methods (hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid in a single step, and hydrolysis with sulfuric acid in two steps), were evaluated to determine the quality of four plant materials (Medicago sativa, Eucalyptus globulus, Quercus ilex, and Pinus halepensis) before and after mixing with a red earth. These quality indices were then compared with the same materials in the field, whether their decomposition could be predicted. All the thermal methods gave poor results. In both DTG and DSC, the presence of the mineral matrix gave rise to strong distortions in the spectra. Since the spectrum of any mixture is not simply the sum of the spectra of the two components (organic matter + mineral matter), these distortions could not be corrected by simply subtracting the spectrum of the red earth alone. STG trials also gave poor results, because the presence of the mineral matrix greatly increased the quality indices, and reduced the ability of the method to distinguish between organic matter qualities. In view of our results, the usefulness of thermal methods in the characterization of soil organic matter would seem to be restricted to certain organic horizons (L, F, and perhaps H). In contrast, methods based on acid hydrolysis were comparatively more satisfactory. Their resolution (ability to distinguish organic matter qualities) was much higher than that of thermal methods. However, they were able to distinguish carbon more accurately than nitrogen. The sulfuric acid method, unlike the hydrochloric acid method, was affected by the presence of a mineral matrix. While both methods could be improved, in their present form they seem to operate as good predictors of carbon and nitrogen mineralization.     

Vanadium induced manganese toxicity in bush bean plants grown in solution culture

Seedlings of two bush bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulqaris L. cvs. Mn‐sensitive ‘Wonder Crop 2’ and Mn‐tolerant ‘Green Lord') were grown for 14 days in full strength Hoagland No. 2 nutrient solution containing 0.05 ‐ 2 mg L^‐1 of vanadium (V) as ammonium vanadate.

Increasing V concentration in the solution decreased total dry weight of both cultivars. Plant tops were stunted and leaf color became dark green at 1 ‐ 2 mg L^‐1 V, especially in ‘Green Lord’. Veinal necrosis similar to that of Mn toxicity was observed in the primary leaves of ‘Wonder Crop 2’ at 0.2 mg L^‐1 V or above, but not in those of ‘Green Lord’.

The V concentrations in the roots increased exponentially with increasing V concentration in the solution; however, V concentrations in the leaves and stems were not affected. The Mn concentrations in the primary leaves increased under the higher V treatment in ‘Wonder Crop 2'; but not in ‘Green Lord’. In contrast, Fe concentration in the leaves of ‘Wonder Crop 2’ decreased markedly with increasing V concentration in the solution. Enhanced Mn uptake and greater reduction of Fe uptake by ‘Wonder Crop 2’ may explain the incidence of V‐induced Mn toxicity.     

宁夏银北平原灌淤土耕层土壤微量元素的空间变异性研究

通过网格采样和土壤养分系统研究法测量了面积为267 hm2灌淤土耕层土壤速效微量元素硼、铜、铁、锰、锌含量,采用传统统计学和地统计学结合的方法,研究了宁夏银北平原灌淤土耕层土壤微量元素田间尺度的空间变异特征。结果表明,研究区耕层土壤微量元素铜、铁、锰、锌的有效态含量呈正态分布,硼呈对数正态分布,其变异系数在30.0%~87.2%;半变异函数分析表明,硼、铜、铁、锰、锌具有各向异性,长轴相关距离分别为550、1 100、700、500、500 m,短轴相关距离分别为200、450、300、250、200 m,块金值/基台值分别为14.3%、11.3%、23.0%、21.7%、23.1%。最后利用普通克立格插值方法绘制了研究区硼、铜、铁、锰、锌的含量分布图,以利于进行土壤微量元素养分的分地块管理。     

甜菜对不同施用部位磷种肥的吸收与利用

用P~(32)示踪法研究结果表明,甜菜在1～2片真叶期已开始吸收磷肥。至叶丛繁茂期,单株绝对吸磷量和对磷肥利用率均明显增高,但单株相对含磷量却明显降低;磷肥施到距种子2、4cm以下可显著提高甜菜对磷肥的利用率。至7月中旬利用率分别达4％和7.9％,比种、肥混施分别提高60％和2倍;磷酸二铵做种肥,其分解产生的NH_4对甜菜有毒害作用,可降低出苗率、保苗率,也影响对磷肥的吸收利用。采用种、肥分层施可缓解和避免NH_4~ 对甜菜的伤害。     

Long-Term Effects of Aluminum and Cadmium on Growth,Leaf Anatomy,and Photosynthetic Pigments of Cotton

Aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd) are two elements that contaminate soil in different ways as waste products of some industrial processes and that can be tolerated by some plant species in different concentrations. In this study, growth parameters of leaves and stems (fresh and dry weights, stem lengths, leaf surface area, and lamina thickness), anatomical changes in leaves (lower and upper epidermis, stomata and mesophyll tissue), and photosynthetic pigment contents (chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids) were investigated in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Nazilli 84S), which was treated with Al and Cd for 3 months. Cotton seedlings were grown in greenhouse conditions and watered with Hoagland nutrient solutions, which contained 0, 100, and 200 μM aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) and cadmium chloride (CdCl₂). It was observed that reduced soil pH positively affected many parameters in cotton plants. Aluminum accumulation was greater in leaves than stems while the opposite was true for Cd accumulation. Leaves and stems of cotton plants treated with 100 and 200 μM Al and Cd showed slight growth changes; however, high concentrations of Al (200 μM) caused significant reductions in leaf area and leaf fresh weight, whereas stem fresh weight decreased with 200 μM Cd treatment. Anatomical parameters were mostly affected significantly under both concentrations of Al and Cd solutions (100 and 200 μM). The results revealed that the anatomical changes in the leaves varied in both treatments, and the long-term effect of the tested metals did not include harmful effects on anatomical structures. Moreover, the variations could be signals of tolerance or adaptive mechanisms of the leaves under the determined concentrations.