应用生物防治棉蝗及星天牛——沿海防护林木麻黄病虫害综合控制技术研究报告

本研究筛选出蝗虫微孢子虫、蜡状芽孢杆菌及簇孢霉等微生物杀虫剂,并应用于防治棉蝗的感染率达77% 以上;应用从星天牛中分离的白僵菌防治星天牛,感染率达77.8% ;应用芜菁夜蛾线虫和蠹蛾线虫防治星天牛,感染率达90% 以上。为沿海防护林木麻黄病虫害的综合控制提供科学依据。     

豆芽中6-苄基腺嘌呤残留的膳食风险评估

近年来,我国相关监管部门、专业人士及社会舆论对豆芽中6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)残留是否会给消费者带来膳食健康风险出现了很大争议,但一直未见有系统的风险评估研究报告。为明确豆芽中6-BA残留的膳食暴露风险,在充分收集市场豆芽残留监测数据和中国裁判文书中豆芽残留数据的基础上,采用点评估方法评估了我国不同人群的6-BA膳食暴露风险。评估结果显示:近年我国各类人群的6-BA膳食暴露(情景Ⅰ)风险商(RQ)平均值为0.001,97.5百分位点值为0.001~0.003;在豆芽制发中普遍使用6-BA的情况下(情景Ⅱ),其风险商平均值为0.001~0.003,97.5百分位点值为0.003~0.006;在极端高残留假设下(情景Ⅲ)的风险商平均值为0.011~0.025,97.5百分位点值为0.025~0.055;在果蔬中普遍残留假设下(情景Ⅳ)的风险商平均值为0.007~0.020,97.5百分位点值为0.012~0.031。可见,豆芽中6-BA的膳食暴露风险非常低,远未达到健康关注水平。6-BA在豆芽生产中规范使用具有技术必要性和高安全性,建议重新允许使用,同时制定其使用规范和残留限量要求,建议其残留限量(MRL)值可设为0.2 mg/kg。     

柑橘黄化脉明病毒巢式RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为探索柑橘黄化脉明病毒(Citrus yellow vein clearing virus,CYVCV)引起的柑橘新病害—柑橘黄脉病的早期快速检测技术,针对CYVCV核酸结合蛋白基因的保守序列设计2对特异性引物,通过优化退火温度,建立了CYVCV巢式RT-PCR检测方法,并对采自不同柑橘品种的54个CYVCV疑似样品进行了检测。结果表明,CYVCV巢式RT-PCR检测中,以55℃和60℃分别作为第1轮和第2轮扩增的退火温度时检测效果最佳;该方法检测样品中病毒总核酸的最低浓度为2.40μg/L,灵敏度较RT-PCR提高100倍。在CYVCV疑似样品检测中,巢式RT-PCR和RT-PCR的阳性检出率分别为59.26%和57.41%,前者更适用于检测不同来源的CYVCV。当尤力克柠檬、锦橙北碚-447、天草和台湾椪柑嫁接接种CYVCV后,巢式RT-PCR比RT-PCR提前10~30 d检测出病毒。表明所建立的CYVCV巢式RT-PCR检测方法适用于田间病树的早期诊断。     

木霉菌REMI转化体对番茄灰霉病的防治及其机理的研究

研究不同木霉菌转化体对番茄灰霉病防治效果及机理,为木霉菌生物防治的合理利用奠定基础。利用限制性内切酶介导基因整合技术(restriction enzyme-mediated integration,REMI),通过插入线性化质粒DNA获得了生物防治番茄灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)效果优于出发菌T21菌株(出发菌)的3个木霉菌转化体Ttrm31、Ttrm34和Ttrm55,对侵染花器和叶片的灰霉病防效分别比原生物防治木霉菌株提高了16.9%和8%。木霉菌转化体的产孢能力、分生孢子的萌发率、对碳氮源的利用能力及对高温的抵抗能力都有所提高;木霉菌转化体本身产生的几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性均比出发菌高,因此通过REMI技术可以获得新的有益木霉菌转化体,在一定程度上提高了生物菌株防治番茄灰霉病的水平。说明REMI技术可以用于改良生防木霉菌株的功能,提高生物防治效果。     

Population differentiation in the banana leaf spot pathogen Mycosphaerella musicola, examined at a global scale

Single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to determine the genetic structure of the global population of Mycosphaerella musicola , the cause of Sigatoka (yellow Sigatoka) disease of banana. The isolates of M. musicola examined were grouped into four geographic populations representing Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Australia and Indonesia. Moderate levels of genetic diversity were observed for most of the populations ( H  = 0·22–0·44). The greatest genetic diversity was found in the Indonesian population ( H =  0·44). Genotypic diversity was close to 50% in all populations. Population differentiation tests showed that the geographic populations of Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Australia and Indonesia were genetically different populations. Using F _ST tests, very high levels of genetic differentiation were detected between all the population pairs ( F _ST > 0·40), with the exception of the Africa and Latin America-Caribbean population pair. These two populations differed by only 3% ( F _ST = 0·03), and were significantly different ( P  < 0·05) from all other population pairs. The high level of genetic diversity detected in Indonesia in comparison to the other populations provides some support for the theory that M. musicola originated in South-east Asia and that M. musicola populations in other regions were founded by isolates from the South-east Asian region. The results also suggest the migration of M. musicola between Africa and the Latin America-Caribbean region.     

雷公藤总生物碱对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的种群抑制作用

采用室内生测法研究了雷公藤总生物碱对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的种群抑制作用。结果表明,雷公藤总生物碱能显著抑制两种贮粮害虫种群的增长。雷公藤总生物碱浓度大于500mg/kg,33d时玉米象成虫死亡率高于90.83%,67d时混药饲喂的下一代（F1代）,其种群抑制率在96.70%以上;其中500mg/kg处理组存活成虫在未混药饲喂条件下,其F1代种群抑制率达80.10%。雷公藤总生物碱浓度在100-1000mg/kg范围内,对赤拟谷盗成虫无明显的致死效应,但可显著抑制其种群的增殖。当处理浓度为250mg/kg时,对赤拟谷盗的种群抑制率为54.94%;处理浓度升至500mg/kg时,种群抑制率高达98.02%。     

5%氟啶脲乳油防治甜菜夜蛾效果研究

用氟啶脲（ｃｈｌｏｒｆｌｕａｚｕｒｏｎ）溶液处理甜菜液蛾（Ｌａｐｈｙｇｍａ ｅｘｉｇｕａ Ｈｕｂｎｅｒ）不同日龄卵和不同龄期幼虫,结果发展,氟啶脲对１日龄卵有一定直接杀灭作用,对２￣３日龄卵直接杀伤效果低,随着龄期的增加。幼虫对氟啶脲的敏感性降低,卵盛期１５￣２５ｍＬ／６６７ｍ＾２（制剂用量）,２￣３龄幼虫盛发期３０￣６０ｍＬ／６６７ｍ＾２（制剂用量）,均可较好的控制甜菜夜蛾的危害,且持效期达１５     

Feeding‐deterrent activity of α‐asarone isomers against some stored Coleoptera

All isomers of α‐asarone [(E)‐4‐prop‐1‐enyl‐1,2,5‐trimethoxybenzene] were tested for their feeding deterrent activity against adults of Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium confusum and larvae of Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium confusum. (E)‐2‐prop‐1‐enyl‐1,3,5‐trimethoxybenzene exhibited the strongest deterrent activity against all the species tested. The total coefficients of deterrency for this compound were 140.6 and 169.7 for Tribolium confusum adults and larvae, respectively, and 144.9 and 104.6 for larvae of Trogoderma granarium and adults of Sitophilus granarius, respectively. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry