One-time fertilization at first flowering improves lint yield and dry matter partitioning in late planted short-season cotton

Cotton producers have substantially reduced their inputs(labor, nutrients, and management) mainly by adopting a shortseason cropping management that is characterized by late sowing, high density, and reduced fertilization with one-time application at the first bloom stage without lint yield reduction. However, it has been hypothesized that one-time fertilization at an earlier growth stage could be a more effective and economic management practice. A two-year field experiment was conducted by applying five fertilizer one-time fertilization at 0(FT1), 5(FT2), 10(FT3), 15(FT4), and 20(FT5) days after the first flower appeared in the field and one three-split fertilizer application taken as the conventional control(FT6), making six treatments altogether. Cotton growth period, biomass accumulation, yield, and its formation were quantified. The results showed that the one-time fertilization did not affect the cotton growth progress as compared to FT6, however, the total crop cycles for FT3–FT5 were 3 days shorter. FT1 produced the highest cotton lint yield(1 396 kg ha–1), which was similar to the FT6 but higher than the other treatments, and could be attributed to more bolls per unit area and higher lint percentage. Cotton yield was positively correlated with cotton plant biomass accumulated. FT1 had both the highest average(VT)(193.7 kg ha–1 d–1) and the highest maximum(VM)(220.9 kg ha–1 d–1) rates during the fast biomass accumulation period. These results suggest that one-time fertilizer application at the first flower stage might be an adjustment that is more effective than at first bloom, and allowed for easier decision making for application date due to non counting of plants with flowers is needed.     

作物根系形态对施肥措施的响应

氮磷钾是植物生长所必需的营养元素,但土壤中植物能利用的有效成分低,限制作物生长发育,而植物可以形成特有的适应机制来应对不同的生长环境。本文综述了作物为适应不同施肥条件所产生的一系列根系形态学变化。分析了不同施肥处理对作物根系形态指标(根长、根表面积、根直径、根体积和根冠比等)的影响：氮对作物影响主要在侧根,低氮胁迫下,根系纵向伸长,增加根长、根体积;低磷条件下,植物普遍抑制主根生长,刺激侧根发育生长,诱导根毛形成;缺钾抑制细根生长,根表面积、根体积等也显著降低;普遍随元素水平的提高,作物根长、根体积、根直径、根表面积和其他根系特征均呈先增加后减少的趋势,植物根系发育产生“低促高抑”的现象;有机肥比化肥可以弥补化肥养分单一和供肥不平衡的缺点,与化肥配合施用更能促进根系生长发育,增加根系体积和总表面积;作物不同基因型品种对肥料胁迫的响应也不尽相同,高效基因型具有良好的根系形态和根系分布,以获得更多的养分。为有效利用有限的肥料资源以及高效作物品种的选种提供理论基础,对作物进一步达到经济收益最大化和环境污染最小化具有重要意义。     

滴灌施肥对幼龄茶树生长和养分吸收的影响

通过田间试验,研究了龙井43、白叶1号品种茶园滴灌施肥对幼龄茶树生长、养分吸收、品质成分等的影响,分析了不同施肥模式下的施肥成本投入情况。结果表明,与常规开沟施肥相比,采用滴灌施肥后,即使在化肥减量25%的情况下,树高、主干直径、树幅都显著增加,修剪物生物量增加明显;茶树对养分的吸收量明显增加,而养分的渗漏损失明显减少,从而提高了养分利用效率。从滴灌施肥的次数上分析,龙井43品种,在试验条件下年施肥次数7次可以达到较好效果,而白叶1号品种,年施14次的效果较好。     

Community structure and carbon and nitrogen storage of sagebrush desert under grazing exclusion in Northwest China

Overgrazing is regarded as one of the key factors of vegetation and soil degradation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Grazing exclusion(GE)is one of the most common pathways used to restore degraded grasslands and to improve their ecosystem services.Nevertheless,there are still significant controversies concerning GE’s effects on grassland diversity as well as carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)storage.It remains poorly understood in the arid desert regions,whilst being essential for the sustainable use of grassland resources.To assess the effects of GE on community characteristics and C and N storage of desert plant community in the arid desert regions,we investigated the community structure and plant biomass,as well as C and N storage of plants and soil(0-100 cm depth)in short-term GE(three years)plots and adjacent long-term freely grazing(FG)plots in the areas of sagebrush desert in Northwest China,which are important both for spring-autumn seasonal pasture and for ecological conservation.Our findings indicated that GE was beneficial to the average height,coverage and aboveground biomass(including stems,leaves and inflorescences,and litter)of desert plant community,to the species richness and importance values of subshrubs and perennial herbs,and to the biomass C and N storage of aboveground parts(P<0.05).However,GE was not beneficial to the importance values of annual herbs,root/shoot ratio and total N concentration in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Additionally,the plant density,belowground biomass,and soil organic C concentration and C storage in the 0-100 cm soil layer could not be significantly changed by short-term GE(three years).The results suggest that,although GE was not beneficial for C sequestration in the sagebrush desert ecosystem,it is an effective strategy for improving productivity,diversity,and C and N storage of plants.As a result,GE can be used to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in the arid desert regions of Northwest China.     

Analysis of green total factor productivity trend and its determinants for the countries along silk roads

In coping with increasing energy consumption and the consequential environmental pollution, green development is becoming an important part of social development. Since the inauguration of China’s Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative (BRI), economic cooperation between China and other countries along BRI has seen much growth. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the levels of green total factor productivity (GTFP) of the countries in the Silk Roads Economic Belt (B&R) and examine how these levels vary spatially and evolve temporally. In this paper, a panel regression analysis with DEA windows is used to study the spatiotemporal trends of the levels of GTFP. The results are: (1) The B&R countries have seen an increase in their overall levels of GTFP over time; (2) There are regional differences in the levels of GTFP, with higher efficiency in Western Asia and Central and Eastern Europe, and lower efficiency in Southeast and Central Asia; (3) The analysis of GTFP for countries in these regions shows that the efficiencies of most countries have been improving, with that of only a few countries have been decreasing; (4) By using regression analysis, we find that variables such as import, export, industrial structure, and urban affect the B&R countries with growing GTFP.     

Hybrid breeding for biomass yield in winter triticale: II. Combining ability and hybrid prediction

Accurate hybrid prediction and knowledge about the relative contribution of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) are of utmost importance for efficient hybrid breeding. We therefore evaluated 91 triticale single-cross hybrids in field trials at seven environments for plant height, heading time, fresh biomass, dry matter content and dry biomass. Fresh and dry biomass showed the highest proportion (23%) of variance due to SCA. Prediction accuracies based on GCA were slightly higher than based on mid-parent values. Utilizing parental kinship information yielded the highest prediction accuracies when both parental lines have been tested in other hybrid combinations, but still moderate-to-low prediction accuracies for two untested parents. Thus, hybrid prediction for biomass traits in triticale is currently promising based on mid-parent values as emphasized by our simulation study, but can be expected to shift to GCA-based prediction with an increasing importance of GCA due to selection in hybrid breeding. Moreover, the performance of potential hybrids between newly developed lines can be predicted with moderate accuracy using genomic relationship information.     

湖南省饭豆地方种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD和ISSR分析

为揭示湖南省饭豆地方品种的遗传多样性,促进种质资源的有效保护和利用。本研究利用RAPD和ISSR标记分析了源于湖南省各地36份古老饭豆地方品种的遗传多样性,并采用UPGMA方法进行了遗传聚类分析。结果表明：12个RAPD引物和4个ISSR引物在供试材料中共扩增产生81条带型清晰的条带,平均每个引物扩增产生5.06个条带;其中59个为多态性条带,占总扩增条带的72.84%,具有多态性引物的PIC值在0.397~0.968之间;通过UPGMA法进行聚类分析表明供试材料的遗传相似系数在0.605~0.877之间,供试材料被分为4大类,且聚类结果表现明显的地域特征。本研究结果可为本省饭豆种质资源保护和育种研究提供理论依据。     

混合盐胁迫对马蔺幼苗根系构型及生长量的影响

为探讨不同种类盐胁迫对马蔺幼苗生长状况的影响,采用室内培养的方法,研究总质量浓度为0.3%的NaCl、NaHCO₃单盐溶液及其不同配比的混合盐溶液胁迫对马蔺(Iris lactea var. chinensis)幼苗生长量、地上部干鲜重比值、地下部干鲜重比值以及根系构型的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫时间的延长,0.3%NaCl溶液对叶数和株高增长量的影响最小,其次为3种混合盐溶液,各处理在第14天时株高增幅达到最大。经0.3%NaHCO₃处理后的幼苗地上部干鲜重的比值为空白对照的2.17倍,地下部干鲜重则为空白对照的56.61%,随着混合溶液中NaHCO₃浓度的上升,地上部干鲜重比值表现出上升的趋势,地下部干鲜重比值则表现出下降的趋势。经35天处理后,0.3%NaHCO₃胁迫的马蔺幼苗根系总长、根系表面积较对照均显著下降,降幅分别为39.73%、26.08%,而各处理间的根系体积却无显著差异。研究结果显示,0.3%NaHCO₃溶液对马蔺幼苗的胁迫作用最强,2种单盐对根系的胁迫作用强于混合盐胁迫,而0.3%NaCl溶液对生长量的胁迫作用最弱。     

不同产量水平下枣园土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤和植株养分的关系

【目的】 研究不同产量水平下枣园土壤微生物量碳、氮与不同时期枣园土壤和植株养分的关系,为南疆红枣高产提供土壤管理的理论依据。【方法】 选取南疆高中低3种不同产量水平的枣园为研究对象,采用田间试验,研究不同时期不同产量水平下枣园土壤微生物量碳、氮与不同土层和植株氮、磷、钾养分含量之间的关系。【结果】 土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量随着土壤深度的增加逐渐降低,而速效钾含量逐渐升高。土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和土壤微生物量氮(MBD)含量之间呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.836 7;土壤微生物量碳与骏枣展叶期0~20 cm土层速效钾含量呈显著正相关,与果实膨大期20~40 cm土层速效钾含量呈显著正相关关系。【结论】 枣园土壤微生物量碳、氮及各养分含量均保持在良好水平,土壤养分及植株养分能对微生物量碳、氮产生显著影响。     

沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料热学性能研究

为探究阻燃剂对沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料导热行为的影响和开发具有阻燃特性的聚合物复合材料,以沙柳多元醇液化产物为原料、辛酸亚锡为催化剂、水为发泡剂,与异氰酸酯进行发泡制备沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯硬质泡沫,利用正交试验法研究工艺因子对硬质泡沫材料导热性能的影响规律,使用锥形量热仪（CONE）对该材料燃烧行为进行分析。结果表明:1）沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料制备工艺对导热性能的影响关系为阻燃剂添加量＞沙柳液化产物与异氰酸酯比例＞阻燃剂种类,方差分析表明工艺因子对导热性能的影响均不显著;2）最优工艺:阻燃剂添加量8%,沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯比例1.0∶1.0,阻燃剂为有机蒙脱土,制备的硬质泡沫材料密度0.168 g·cm^-3,抗压强度0.83 MPa,导热系数0.118 3 W·m^-1·K^-1,此工艺制备的聚氨酯泡沫是一种优良的保温材料;3）不同有机蒙脱土添加量的沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫燃烧行为属于双阶段燃烧过程,阻燃剂有机蒙脱土添加量8%,燃烧开始时间推迟至120 s且总热释放量降低。