Simulation of the effect of pruning and topping on cotton growth using COTTON2K model

COTTON2K, like most other cotton production models, does not always adequately represent local growth conditions owing to the fact that it fails to take into account some indigenous cultivation practices. For instance, pruning and topping, a common practice for cotton cultivation in China is not included in the model simulation of COTTON2K. The objective of this research therefore was to: (1) modify COTTON2K source code and slot pruning and topping simulation switch on to the model, and (2) calibrate and validate the modified COTTON2K model with field data from pruning and topping cultivation practice. First, field collected data in 2003 and 2004 were compared between the treatments, with and without pruning and topping, and the COTTON2K source code updated with the ‘pruning and topping’ switch. This was followed by the calibration and validation of the updated model with field data and simulation of the effect of pruning and topping on cotton performance. It was noted from field observations that pruning and topping reduced total fruit sites, but at the same time, increased retained boll number, possibly due to significant reductions in abscised fruit sites. Though total dry matter production dropped, more dry matter allocation to reproductive organs, however, enhanced higher cotton lint yield in the pruning and topping treatment. Results of the modified model simulation showed that growth in the number of main-stem node ceased after topping. Furthermore, there was more biomass allocation to reproductive organs, such as green and open bolls under pruning and topping. Coefficient of determination above 0.8 for most of the growth factors was obtained in the calibration and validation processes under pruning and topping, a strong indication of the level of success of the model modification.     

留杈、打顶方式和施氮量对烟叶品质的影响

为探索几种烤烟大田调控技术对烟叶品质的协同作用,采用裂区设计,研究了留杈、打顶方式和施氮量对烟叶内外品质特征的影响.结果表明:高施氮量增大了烟株叶面积,提高了烟叶烟碱和其他含氮化合物以及钾和氯的含量;打顶方式对烤烟叶面积的影响表现为扣心打顶＞中心花开放打顶＞盛花打顶,推迟打顶有降低烟叶烟碱含量,提高烟叶吸食品质的趋势;在高氮水平下,推迟留杈,有提高烤烟叶面积、产量、产值和上等烟比例和烟碱含量的趋势,不利于烟叶香气质和吃味的改善.在当前烟叶烟碱含量较高条件下,适当降低氮肥用量,推迟打顶,适时科学留杈可以降低烟叶烟碱,改善烟叶品质.     

不同浓度乙烯利复配剂对棉花的打顶效应

【目的】研究不同浓度乙烯利复配试剂对新疆北疆滴灌棉花生长发育及产量形成的规律,分析最适浓度组合,为棉花化学打顶技术的应用及推广提供理论依据。【方法】以鲁棉研24为材料,设置5个不同浓度乙烯利(C₁:0 mg/L、C₂:100 mg/L、C₃:200 mg/L、C₄:400 mg/L、C₅:800 mg/L)与烯效唑复配的组合试剂,研究不同复配试剂对北疆滴灌棉花生长发育及产量形成的影响。【结果】相较于C₁处理,其它处理最终新生主茎长度降低10.9%～34.67%。与CK相比,C₁、C₂、C₃、C₄处理下株高均显著提高10.55%～21.26%;各处理均显著增加棉花果枝1.9～2.7台、显著提高棉花叶龄2～3.2;C₄、C₅处理下节间长分别显著缩短7.21%、7.75%;C₃处理下SPAD值在播种后101 d...     

Manual topping decreases bollworm infestations in cotton cultivation in Mali

In sub-Saharan areas of Africa, cotton growers no longer cut the shoot tips from plants (topping), although manual topping was promoted at the start of the 20th century to improve yield and, surprisingly, to reduce pest incidence. In these areas, the bollworms Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, Earias spp., and Diparopsis watersi Rothschild are responsible for the majority of cotton yield losses, and the use of pyrethroids has resulted in resistance in field populations of H. armigera. In the face of these problems and given the scarcity of literature on the effects of topping on pest control, we assessed bollworm infestation levels in 12 trials comparing manual topping and non-topping cotton plots in Mali over a six-year period (2002, 2003, and 2005 to 2008). Topping was performed at the emergence of the 15th sympodial branch or at 10 days after the first flower opening. Our results showed no significant difference in seed cotton yields between topped and non-topped cotton. Bollworm infestations (all species) were always lower on topped cotton and 7 out of 12 trials showed significantly lower infestations on topped cotton. In plots of topped cotton, we recorded an average of 56% fewer H. armigera larvae, 68% fewer Earias spp. larvae, and 71% fewer D. watersi larvae with respectively 5, 4, and 3 out of 12 trials with significant differences in favor of topping and no significant difference in favor of non-topping. To our knowledge, our study is the first to report decreases in D. watersi larval infestation with cotton topping. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms involved in these effects and to ensure that topping is economically attractive for farmers.     

不同叶菜型甘薯品种茎尖绿原酸含量及清除DPPH·能力

【目的】研究叶菜型甘薯茎尖绿原酸的含量及其清除DPPH·能力,为叶菜型甘薯的品种筛选、栽培及产业化提供理论依据。【方法】在6个不同生长期分别采收广菜薯2号、莆薯53和福薯7-6的茎尖,测定并分析茎尖叶片、叶柄和茎绿原酸含量及其与DPPH·清除能力之间的相关性。【结果】(1)6次采收期的不同甘薯品种茎尖绿原酸平均含量大小为:广菜薯2号(0.2920%fb)莆薯53(0.2750%fb)福薯7-6(0.1638%fb),其中叶片(0.3539%fb)茎(0.1444%fb)叶柄(0.1173%fb),叶片含量是叶柄和茎平均值的2.70倍;广菜薯2号、莆薯53和福薯7-6茎尖前3个采收时期绿原酸的平均含量分别是后3个时期的2.22、2.68和2.41倍,其中叶片、叶柄和茎前3次采收期绿原酸含量的平均值分别是后3次采收期的2.49,2.53和2.20倍。差异均达到显著水平。(2)根据3个品种6次采收期的平均值计算,叶片对茎尖绿原酸含量的贡献率为73.64%,叶柄为11.96%,茎为14.41%。(3)茎尖6次采收期的DPPH·清除能力平均大小为:广菜薯2号(34.99%)莆薯53(31.05%)福薯7-6(18.83%),其中叶片(32.52%)茎(23.64%)叶柄(17.91%);前3个采收时期的茎尖、叶片、茎和叶柄的DPPH·平均清除能力分别是后3个时期的1.91、2.02、1.69和1.99倍。【结论】叶菜型甘薯茎尖绿原酸含量在品种、部位和采收期间有显著差异;DPPH·清除能力与绿原酸含量具有显著或极显著正相关。因此,在叶菜型甘薯品种选育、栽培和产业化过程中要充分考虑茎尖绿原酸含量的变化特点。     

烟草打顶机的研究现状与发展思路

烟草打顶抑芽的机械化作业能实现节本增效,解决劳动力不足的难题。文中介绍了国内外烟草打顶机的现状和研究进展,分析了现有烟草打顶机的结构、工作原理和性能特点,阐述了烟草打顶机存在的问题,指出烟草打顶机械化作业是大势所趋,总结了烟草打顶机总体的发展正朝着联合作业机械化、智能化和精准化方向发展,并就打顶机机型的研发、作业方式和种植经营模式等给出了发展建议。     

甜菜收获机齿板式切顶装置设计与试验

针对甜菜机械化收获切顶过程中存在的漏切、少切及块根损伤等问题,研究了一种齿板式甜菜切顶装置。对切顶过程中甜菜进行受力分析,明确了切顶装置运动的随机特性及其关键影响因素。结合切顶装置的工作原理及运动空间,确定了仿形器的连架杆为300mm、连杆为220mm、齿板间距为40mm、限位板高度为100mm、超前量为25mm、安装角为45°。根据切顶器工作的特殊位置点,确定了齿板的轮廓曲线,提高了切顶装置的工作适应性。借助Design-Expert软件进行试验设计及数据处理,获得切顶装置各因素与评价指标的数学回归模型,明确了前进速度、弹簧力对切顶合格率、多切率的影响规律,并确定了较优参数组合。进行了田间试验验证,结果表明,当前进速度为1.0m/s、弹簧力为23N时,甜菜切顶合格率为99.6%,比平板式切顶装置提高6个百分点,多切率为0.95%,比平板式切顶装置降低1.15个百分点,符合甜菜切顶收获指标要求。     

棉花打顶机自动对行装置设计与试验

为了提高棉花打顶机的自动化水平,以高地隙底盘棉花打顶机为载体,利用传感器技术、电机控制技术和PLC控制技术,结合机采棉品种棉花种植模式,设计了棉花打顶机自动对行装置。该装置主要由检测机构、对行机构、电机控制系统、电子控制系统和控制软件组成。采用RecurDyn软件对检测机构进行运动仿真,探究运动规律,为角度传感器选取提供理论依据;利用角度传感器获取棉株偏行量,建立检测杆转动角度与步进电机步进量和转动方向之间的对应关系,通过控制步进电机的步进量和转动方向实现对偏行棉株的精确打顶;通过人机交互界面对控制系统进行实时监测,以提高驾驶直线度。为避免侧枝干扰,对两侧低侧枝情况控制系统采用位置信息对比方法获取主茎秆位置;对单侧低侧枝情况按原程序执行,田间实测表明该误差可忽略。田间试验表明,与人工对行相比,自动对行平均偏行量减小了8.08cm,同比降低56.62%,无偏行率同比提高275%。     

氟节胺和氟乐灵复配打顶对棉花农艺性状及抗逆性的影响

为了筛选适合于南疆机采棉田的化学打顶剂配方,于2017—2018年在新疆阿拉尔垦区开展棉田打顶试验。试验采用田间喷雾法,研究了氟节胺和氟乐灵按1∶1,2∶1,3∶1,4∶1,5∶1这5种比例喷施对棉花株型、产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明,随着氟乐灵喷施比例增大,药后30～60 d的棉花株高增幅减小,控顶持效性增强;相反,氟节胺比例越高,棉花冠层横切面积越小,株型越紧凑。各配方中以氟节胺∶氟乐灵为3∶1处理棉花产量最高,单产可达6 036±162 kg·hm~(-2);与人工打顶处理相比,该配方处理棉花平均株高增加7.5±1.6 cm,单产、衣分、纤维长度、纤维伸长率间无明显差异,棉叶POD酶和SOD酶活性分别提高17.8%、7.1%,对棉花抗高温胁迫能力有积极作用。     

烟草打顶抑芽机无线控制系统设计与试验

为改进现有智能烟草打顶机数据传输和烟草打顶高度精准识别不足等问题,增强检测算法的实用性和鲁棒性,设计了烟草打顶抑芽机无线控制系统。首先利用无线路由系统进行图像采集;然后采用MSRCR算法对图像进行预处理,消除光照对烟草高度识别的影响;再通过同心圆摄像机标定算法对烟花进行定位,确定打顶高度;最后通过单片机控制步进电动机和电磁阀分别进行打顶作业和抑芽剂的喷施。试验结果表明:该高度检测算法在静态试验下烟花识别率达到98.5%,摄像机标定精确度达96%,打顶准确率达95%。打顶准确率高,抑芽剂喷施精准,系统运行稳定可靠,满足烟草打顶的农艺要求。