脆蜜金柑、融安金柑及滑皮金柑果实品质对比分析

[目的]比较金柑新品种脆蜜金柑与传统金柑品种融安金柑、滑皮金柑果实品质差异,为提高广西金柑产业竞争力提供参考依据.[方法]比较分析脆蜜金柑、滑皮金柑和融安金柑3个金柑品种果实的单果重、纵横径、果皮厚度及可溶性固形物、蔗糖、总糖、可滴定酸含量和果汁率、种子数、单位面积油胞数等21项指标.[结果]脆蜜金柑单果重、纵横径及可溶性固形物、蔗糖、总糖、可滴定酸含量和果汁率、种子数、单位面积油胞数等9项指标均优于融安金柑和滑皮金柑.其中,脆蜜金柑的单果重分别比融安金柑和滑皮金柑重7.9%和13.7%,可溶性固形物含量分别比融安金柑和滑皮金柑高42.38%和19.14%,总糖含量分别比融安金柑和滑皮金柑高53.98%和3.00%.[结论]脆蜜金柑是一个品质优良、极具推广潜力的金柑新品种.     

Injury to apples and peaches at harvest from feeding by Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) nymphs early and late in the season

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive species that has become an important orchard pest in the Mid-Atlantic region of the US. Adults and nymphs feed on tree fruit. Feeding injury from adults has been characterized but the injury from nymphs has not been examined systematically. Since the four plant-feeding instars of H. halys (second through fifth) differ substantially in size, it is plausible that the effects of their feeding on fruit injury and injury expression may differ among them. We compared feeding injury at harvest from young nymphs (second plus third instars), older nymphs (fourth plus fifth instars), and adults that were caged on ‘Smoothee Golden’ apples and ‘Redhaven’ peaches in early June (peach and apple), late July (peach), and late August (apple). Individual apples and peaches were caged at fruit set and assigned to the following treatments (n = 28/treatment): 1) control (no H. halys), 2) young nymphs or 3) adults early in the season, and 4) young nymphs, 5) older nymphs or 6) adults later in the season. Fruit in each treatment were exposed to 3–4 young nymphs, two older nymphs or 1–2 adults placed in the cages for 96 h and evaluated for external and internal feeding injury within 36 h after harvest. No injury was recorded from unexposed peaches or apples. The percentage of injured fruit and number of injuries per fruit varied significantly among the exposed treatments. Early season feeding by young nymphs yielded the least injury to peaches and apples. In apples, the highest percentage of injured fruit and number of injuries per fruit were caused by late season feeding by adults. In peaches, early season adult feeding produced the highest percentage of injured fruit and injuries per fruit. More internal than external injury was recorded on peach and no such difference was observed on apple. The implications of these findings on H. halys management in fruit orchards are discussed.     

Evaluation of thiacloprid and clothianidin (neonicotinoids) as alternative to fenthion (organophosphate) for control of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in deciduous fruit orchards

Fenthion (organophosphate) was used in Australia to target adults, eggs and larvae of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata Wiedmann (Diptera: Tephritidae) in deciduous fruits. With its removal from use in 2015, clothianidin and thiacloprid (neonicotinoids) were evaluated for any adulticide, ovicide or larvicide (eggs, larvae) activity against Medfly in a series of laboratory and field-cage experiments in peach and nectarine. We included fenthion in all experiments as a positive control. As an adulticide, fenthion had the greatest residual toxicity on fruit, with 7 d old residues killing 44% of adults within 48 h compared to thiacloprid (17%) and clothianidin (30%). When applied as a larvicide to naturally infested peaches, none of the insecticides was 100% effective, though fewest pupae (1.18 ± 0.19 pupae/fruit) (indirect measurement of larval survival) were produced when treated with fenthion, followed by clothianidin (3.40 ± 0.33 pupae/fruit) and thiacloprid (6.88 ± 0.34 pupae/fruit); with 11.35 ± 0.30 pupae/fruit in control (water). In peaches treated 48 h post-infestation, fenthion was most effective in reducing numbers of pupae and adult emergence and with higher percentage of deformed adults, with thiacloprid=clothianidin. In nectarines treated 48 h post-infestation, fenthion was most effective in reducing numbers of pupae and adult emergence as well as with higher percentage of deformed adults, followed by clothianidin. Insecticides were least effective when applied as a preventative 24 h or 7 d prior to infestation, with fenthion more effective than clothianidin. Whilst our study shows that neither clothianidin nor thiacloprid are equivalent to fenthion, they are acceptable substitutes to growers for use for Medfly in deciduous fruits given that fenthion is no longer available to growers in Australia. We recommend that growers incorporate other controls to target the adult stage rather than rely only on new insecticides.     

泰国水果贸易市场发展中隐藏的风险

泰国东部水果市场长期存在供过于求的问题,造成水果价格不断降低、大批滞销水果丢弃,虽然政府实施价格干预政策,但仍无法解决这些问题。近年来,由于中国市场的大量购买需求,泰国东部的水果大量出口到中国,使该问题得以解决,泰国水果种植农民及水果商人也随之富裕起来。但需要注意的是,随着中国水果中间商直接向泰国农民收购水果的情况逐步扩大,这种发展在未来可能给泰国带来很大风险。本文针对泰国东部水果出口中国的情况进行分析,并揭示其中隐藏的风险。     

海南热带水果产业的SWTO-CLPV矩阵分析

分析海南热带水果产业的发展状况,为海南政府制定决策以及企业发展提供参考。利用SWOT-CLPV矩阵分析海南热带水果产业的外部环境和内部能力,利用机会和规避威胁,得出海南热带水果产业发展的途径。海南热带水果产业应定位于杠杆性市场态势和脆弱性竞争态势较为合理,应调优增效,完善产业链,差异化竞争,以抗击风险。     

毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留及消解动态

为探明毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留消解动态和最终残留量,于2013-2015年在浙江省临海市进行了毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留消解动态和最终残留量试验。结果表明:于杨梅春梢（幼果）生长期,在树冠均匀喷施48%毒死蜱乳油800倍液1次的施药条件下,毒死蜱在‘东魁’和‘临海早大梅’2个品种果实中的消解动态基本一致,均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为4.60~5.78 d,降解速度较快。综合3年试验结果,施药后23 d,毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留量为0.26~0.45 mg/kg,低于中国（苹果、梨、荔枝和龙眼）及日本（其他浆果）最大残留限量标准（MRL,1 mg/kg）;施药后34 d,毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留量为0.074~0.28 mg/kg,低于香港草莓中MRL值（0.3 mg/kg）;但施药后44 d,毒死蜱在果实中的残留量为0.073~0.13 mg/kg,仍高于欧盟蓝莓及桑椹中毒死蜱的MRL值（0.05 mg/kg）。膳食风险评估结果表明,施药后23、27、34和44 d采收的杨梅果实中毒死蜱对2~6岁、7~14岁、18~30岁和60~70岁4类人群的膳食摄入风险商值及急性膳食风险均较低,处于安全水平。     

桃园残枝粉碎还田改善土壤理化性状提高桃品质

针对目前北京地区桃园生产土壤覆盖方式单一的问题,该文对新的土壤管理模式进行了探索。于2013-2015年在北京市平谷区矮化密植桃园采用田间小区试验,进行3种处理对土壤团粒结构、土壤紧实度、土壤水分特性、土壤有机质、CO2释放速率、果品品质影响的试验研究。结果表明,在整个果树生长期,残枝粉碎覆盖对土壤特性具有显著影响,二月兰种植1 mm大团聚体含量比清耕和树枝覆盖分别多31.7%、22.2%;0~20 cm土壤紧实度,清耕无覆盖比二月兰种植大14.8%,比残枝覆盖大21.8%;与对照相比,土壤CO2释放速率提高193.46%;果园树枝覆盖、二月兰种植、清耕稳定入渗率分别为4.22、8.41、10.01 cm/h;二月兰种植和残枝覆盖土壤有机质含量较清耕分别增加183.2%、119.8%(P0.05);果园残枝覆盖较清耕处理可溶性固形物增加6.1%,单果质量提高7.9%。因此,果园残枝覆盖可以改善土壤理化性状,提高果实品质。     

吸水链霉菌(Streptomyces hygroscopicus)B04固体菌剂对草莓生长及果实品质影响的研究

吸水链霉菌(Streptomyces hygroscopicus)B04是一株生防菌,本文采用De Wit模型研究了B04固体发酵的最佳基质配比,利用盆栽试验及田间实验研究B04固体发酵菌剂对草莓生长及果实品质的影响。结果表明,菌株B04固体发酵基质的最佳配比是蚯蚓粪与麦麸质量比1∶1,在料水比1∶0.8、pH 7.2~7.5、28℃条件下,发酵周期7 d,菌体数量能达到5.3×10~(10)CFU·g~(-1)。盆栽试验证实,B04固体发酵菌剂能显著促进草莓生长,增加草莓植株生物量,并降低草莓发病率,生防效果达到64.35%。田间实验表明,B04固体发酵菌剂能明显改善草莓品质,提高草莓果实中维生素C含量,增加糖酸比。