砂姜黑土区氮肥基追比对不同小麦品种产量和品质的影响

为了确定豫西南砂姜黑土区小麦的最佳氮肥基追比,以强筋小麦郑麦7698和弱筋小麦偃展4110为试验材料,研究了豫西南砂姜黑土区氮肥基追比(0∶10、2∶8、4∶6、6∶4、8∶2、10∶0)对不同筋度小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在砂姜黑土区,氮肥基追比对不同筋度小麦产量和品质有较大影响,随着氮肥基追比的增加,2个小麦品种的产量及品质总体上均先增加后降低.强筋小麦郑麦7698和弱筋小麦偃展4110分别在基追比4∶6、6∶4时产量最高、品质最优;此时两品种产量分别为7 274.0、7 230.5 kg/hm2,小麦产量的提高主要得益于有效穗数的增加.在豫西南砂姜黑土区,建议强筋小麦以基追比4∶6、弱筋小麦以6∶4施氮方式为优.     

小麦田除草剂应用技术

通过对麦田杂草生长状况以及影响麦田除草剂使用因素的剖析,针对性地提出了解决对策和途径,包括除草剂类型的选择,最佳防治期的选择,根据常见麦田的杂草选择何种化学除草药剂,除草药剂量的使用,提高除草剂喷施质量的要求等,并结合近几年我国小麦田的优势杂草种类,主要应用的除草剂分析了目前国内麦田杂草的抗药性现状及防治对策。     

小麦对缺铁胁迫的适应性反应

采用溶液培养法,比较正常供铁和缺铁胁迫下小麦的生理生化指标,同时设置加氧和不加氧2个处理。结果表明,完全营养液加氧处理的小麦株高和穗长最大,达到51.0cm和7.5cm。缺铁处理降低了小麦的籽粒长、籽粒宽、籽粒厚和穗粒数。正常供铁条件下,小麦植株叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总含量显著高于不供铁的小麦。加氧处理的小麦叶绿素含量高于无氧处理的小麦。根际Fe3+还原酶活性在缺铁胁迫条件下达到17.3μmol·g-1·(2h)-1。缺铁处理降低了小麦植株地上部的铁素含量,并且在加氧条件下更明显。Mn、Cu这两种元素和Fe元素之间存在某种拮抗关系。     

利用响应面法优化全蚀病生防菌YB-81的发酵条件

为了优化全蚀病生防菌株YB-81的发酵培养基及培养条件,提高其对全蚀病的抑制效果,在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面法(Response surface methodology)对小麦全蚀病生防菌株YB-81的发酵条件进行优化。生防菌株YB-81的最优发酵条件为:时间36h,温度36℃,初始pH值8.0,转速200 r·min-1,牛肉膏+葡萄糖(1∶1)0.53%,蛋白胨0.99%,氯化钠0.20%。在此培养条件下试验,其菌落总数为18.8亿个·mL-1,较基础培养基提高了72%,对全蚀病菌抑制率达到87.2%,较优化前提高了32.5%。生防菌YB-81的最优发酵培养条件的确定,可为该菌大规模生产应用提供理论基础。     

The wheat germ agglutinin binding sites and development of the mitochondria-rich cells in gills of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

By labelling with gold-colloid-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), the WGA-binding sites were identified in the apical region of certain mitochondria-rich (MR) cells in gills of freshwater-adapted tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injection was used to discern the differentiation of the WGA binding sites during development of MR cells. Double labeling of gill sections of fish 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after a single BrdU injection showed that the BrdU labeled MR cells 2 and 4 days after injection were mostly WGA negative, whereas 6 and 8 days after injection, WGA and BrdU-labeled MR cell increased gradually in number. Furthermore, the ratio of the WGA-positive to total MR-cells was higher in gills of tilapia adapted to low calcium ([Ca] = 0.015 mm) freshwater than in hard freshwater ([Ca] = 1.898 mm). The results indicate that WGA binding site may be a marker expressed late during differentiation of MR cells, and physiologically functional in assisting uptake of calcium when environmental calcium is low. According to their WGA binding and also characteristics their likely function in calcium absorption, the WGA positive MR cells shown in this study are considered to be similar to the cells described by Pisam et al. (1995).     

Effects of partial and complete replacement of freshwater shrimp meal (Caridinea niloticus Roux) with a mixture of plant protein sources on growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in fertilized ponds

Despite the well‐documented herbivorous food habits, commercial feeds for production of Oreochromis niloticus usually contain between 7% and 15% animal protein. However, animal protein feedstuffs are expensive, hence the need to search for cost‐effective alternatives in plant‐protein sources. Such alternatives are probably more effective in semi‐intensive systems where natural pond food forms part of the diet. This study evaluated the performance of O. niloticus after feeding diets in which fresh shrimp meal (SM) was gradually replaced by a mixture of plant‐protein sources in fertilized ponds. Three isonitronegenous (24% crude protein) diets containing 12 (control), 6% and 0% SM were fed to three groups of O. niloticus in four replicates per group for 250 days. Fish were fed daily at 2% body weight and sampled monthly to monitor growth and make feed adjustments. Growth, yields, survival and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different (P>0.05) among treatments. Growth of males was double that of females, while the sex ratio was skewed towards females. Although complete substitution of SM by plant protein did not affect the growth of tilapia, production cost was reduced by 36%. In conclusion, animal protein is not required in diets for production of O. niloticus in fertilized ponds.     

Effects of N and K fertilizers on durum wheat quality in different environments

Eight genotypes from two different genetic pools (high yielding varieties and landraces) were assessed for grain yield (GY) and for five quality traits: protein content (P), thousand kernel weight (TKW), yellow berry (YB), gluten content (G_c) and gluten index (G_i) in sub-humid and semi-arid areas using four combinations of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers during two cropping seasons. Genotype × Environment × Fertilizers (G × E × F) was significant only for protein content (p < 0.05); and E × F was found significant (p < 0.05) for all parameters. Greater quality related traits expression was noted in the semi-arid areas for both genetic pools. Excessive rainfall in semi-arid areas resulted in gluten elasticity reduction. N-fertilizers seemed to enhance protein content and to reduce thousand kernel weight. K-fertilizer, might enhance the increase in both proteins and thousand kernel weight in favorable growing conditions of water availability. Semolina yielding ability was higher in landraces as compared to high yielding varieties particularly using recommended fertilizer management. This group of cultivars showed superiority over high yielding cultivars for quantitative quality parameters.     

普通小麦闭颖特性遗传分析及离体培养特性研究

为了给闭颖小麦的分子育种提供理论依据,进行了闭颖小麦闭颖授粉特性的遗传分析,同时对6个闭颖小麦系的花药、幼胚及成熟胚进行了离体培养特性的比较研究。结果表明,5组开、闭颖小麦杂交F1代个体全表现为开颖授粉,F2代个体开、闭颖分离,经卡平方适合性测验,开、闭颖株数均符合3∶1分离比例,表明小麦闭颖变异材料的闭颖授粉特性受一对隐性基因控制;不同闭颖小麦系离体愈伤组织诱导与再生特性有一定差异,供试的6个闭颖系中,133-1和133-8的离体培养特性优良,其中,133-1的成熟胚愈伤组织分化率最高,达到27.93%,133-8的幼胚分化率最高,达到40.70%,两材料的花药分化率也最好,都为4.48%,与对照材料小偃22处于同一水平;133-A的离体组织培养特性最差;3种外植体离体培养中,幼胚的培养再生效率最高,成熟胚次之,花药最差,供试材料的出愈率与分化率之间不具备明显的相关关系。     

反射光谱法估计小麦叶片表皮蜡质含量的初步研究

为了探讨利用冠层反射光谱技术估计小麦叶片表皮蜡质含量的可行性,以小麦高叶片表皮蜡质含量材料2912与低叶片表皮蜡质含量品种普冰201和晋麦47及其杂交构建的F2:3株系为材料,通过氯仿提取称重法测定了小麦抽穗期的旗叶表皮蜡质含量,并采用FieldSpec 3测定了冠层反射光谱,分析小麦冠层反射光谱与叶片表皮蜡质含量之间的关系。结果表明,三个亲本以及株系间蜡质含量差异显著。高蜡质材料的可见光波段反射率整体高于低蜡质材料,短波长波段光谱反射率与叶片表皮蜡质含量相关性较高。以550和675nm波长的反射光谱为基础的单波/差值指数[R550/(R550-R675)]能较好地反映小麦叶片蜡质含量,两F2:3群体拟合模型的r2值分别为0.761和0.679,回归方程分别为y=0.07x-0.575和y=0.088x-1.481。     

播后镇压和冬前灌溉对土壤条件和冬小麦生育特性的影响

为揭示冬灌和镇压的作用,以冬小麦品种石新828和石麦12号为材料,研究了冬灌和镇压措施对麦田土壤水热条件和冬小麦生育特性的影响。结果表明,与不冬灌相比,冬灌条件下,冬季和春季土壤含水量提高,土壤温度较稳定。与不镇压相比,镇压处理的冬前和起身期土壤含水量及冬前夜间土壤温度提高。冬灌处理冬小麦在越冬后各时期的总茎数、LAI、干物质积累量有所降低,开花期叶片光合速率显著下降,灌浆后期叶片SPAD值下降也较快,每穗总小穗数、结实小穗数、穗粒数和产量均减少。镇压使小麦开花前干物质积累量减少,但对成熟期干物质积累量影响不显著,因为开花后光合速率提高,叶片SPAD值下降较缓慢,开花后干物质积累较多。镇压处理成熟期的单位面积穗数降低,但由于穗粒数和千粒重提高,镇压与不镇压的产量差异不显著。从本研究结果看,冬灌是一项防冻保苗的有效措施,与播后镇压配合可减缓冬季低温和温度剧烈变化对小麦的不利影响。