Impact of biochars on swell–shrinkage behavior,mechanical strength,and surface cracking of clayey soil

Swell–shrinkage, cracking and stickiness of expansive clayey soils usually lead to their low yield. Improvement of these poor soil physical properties is a key goal for enhancing the crop productivity of expansive clayey soils. This article presents results of a study on the impact of three biochars produced from wheat straw (SB), woodchips (WCB), and wastewater sludge (WSB) on the swell–shrinkage behavior, mechanical strength, and surface cracking of a clayey soil. The soil was treated with biochars at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 60 g biochar kg^?1 soil, respectively; and incubated for 180 d in glasshouse. Application of biochars decreased significantly (p < 0.01) the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of the soil, the effect of SB being most prominent. The tensile strength (TS) of the clayey soil was originally 937 kPa, which decreased to 458 kPa, 495 kPa and 659 kPa for 6% SB‐, WCB‐, and WSB‐amended soils, respectively. Shear strength tests indicated that biochars significantly reduced cohesion (c) and increased internal friction angle (θ). Biochar significantly reduced the formation of soil surface cracks, surface area, and length of the cracks. The surface area density of cracks in the 6% biochar‐amended soils decreased by 14% for SB, 17% for WCB, and 19% for WSB, respectively, compared with control. The results suggest that biochar can be used as a soil amendment for improving the poor physical properties of the clayey soil, particularly in terms of reduction in swell–shrinkage, tensile strength and surface area density of cracking.     

施钙对烟叶拉断强度、拉伸强度的效应

 为了探讨钙对烟叶拉断强度、拉伸强度的效应,在丽江烟区开展了Ca(OH)2施用量0,150,750,1500,2000,2500kg/hm2对烟叶拉断强度、拉伸强度效应的试验。结果表明：（1）上部叶中处理6［Ca(OH)22500kg/hm2］的烟叶拉断强度最大为1.87N,中部叶中处理6的烟叶拉断强度最大为119N,下部叶中处理5［Ca(OH)22000kg/hm2］的烟叶拉断强度最大为1.14N。（2）上部叶中处理4［Ca(OH)21500Kg/hm2］的最大拉伸率最大为8.64%;中部叶中处理5［Ca(OH)22000kg/hm2］的最大拉伸率最大为6.07%;下部叶中处理5的最大拉伸率最大为4.78%。（3）拉断强度和拉伸强度均存在上部叶＞中部叶＞下部叶的关系,说明上部烟叶的弹性和抗破碎性最好,而下部烟叶最易破碎。     

Effect of soil organic matter, electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio on tensile strength of aggregates

The properties of soils affected by salinity and processes involving degradation of soil structure have been partly recognized. However, the effects of saline and sodic conditions on mechanical and physical properties of soils have been studied to a lesser extent. In this research, the effects of electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on soils possessing various amounts of organic matter were assessed under laboratory conditions. The soils contained a uniform clay type, predominantly Illite. The major difference of the soils was their amount of organic matter content. The treatments consisted of solutions with definite EC and SAR (two levels of EC: 0.5 and 4 dS/m and three levels of SAR: 0, 5 and 15). The amount of tensile strength was dependent on organic matter, EC, and SAR in a way that with the increase of SAR, the tensile strength decreased. In similar SAR, treatments with higher EC exhibited greater tensile strength. Also, the soils with higher organic matter showed greater tensile strength. The analysis of variance showed the significant difference (at 1%) between the mean of parameters analyzed (soil type, sampling depth, EC, and SAR). The order of averages of tensile strength were: permanent pasture (Agropyron elengatum)Festuca arusdinaceae)相似文献   

拉拔作用下护坡植物香根草根系的力学性能

植物根系受拔时存在拔断破坏和拔出破坏两种破坏形式,而关于根系倾角对根系受拔力学性能和破坏形式的影响尚不清楚。该研究以香根草作为研究对象,分析不同直径（0.20～1.40 mm）根系单根抗拉性能。并设置不同受拔倾角（0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°和90°）的根系进行单根抗拔试验,分析不同生长倾角下单根抗拔性能及其破坏形式,以明确植物根系生长倾角对根系受拔时力学性能和破坏形式的影响。结果表明：香根草根系的最大抗拉力和最大抗拔力随根系直径呈幂函数关系增加,而抗拉强度和抗拔强度则随根系直径呈幂函数关系减小。在受拔倾角为0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°和90°时,根系受拔力分别为0.48～2.71、0.59～4.16、0.79～4.08、0.95～4.47、1.86～5.39、2.20～6.39和2.95～7.46 N。随着根系受拔倾角的增加,根系最大抗拔力和抗拔强度增加。植物根系破坏形式受到根系直径和受拔倾角影响,根系直径越小越可能出现拔断破坏,而根系受拔倾角越大,受拔发生拔断破坏的根系数目越多,被拔断的临界根径越大。研究结果表明根系直径和受拔倾角明显影响根系力学性能及拔破时的破坏形式,这对深入理解根系固土机理具有重要意义。     

壳聚糖基抗菌保鲜膜制备工艺的优化

为提高壳聚糖基抗菌保鲜膜的强度,以拉伸强度为指标,考察丙三醇、聚乙烯醇、纳米TiO_2和纳他霉素添加量对壳聚糖基抗菌保鲜膜拉伸强度的影响,在此基础上利用响应面法优化其制备的工艺参数,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察其微观结构。结果表明,壳聚糖基抗菌保鲜膜最佳制备工艺参数为:丙三醇添加量为0.8%、聚乙烯醇添加量为0.75%、纳米TiO_2添加量为0.08%、纳他霉素添加量为0.075%。在此条件下,壳聚糖基抗菌保鲜膜性能参数为:拉伸强度为12.37 MPa,断裂伸长率为34.08%,膜厚度为0.65 mm,透湿量为563 g/(m~2·24 h),透氧系数为2.294×10~(-15)mL·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1),透光率为57.4%。扫描电镜观察结果表明,壳聚糖基抗菌保鲜膜表面光滑、连续、细致,各组分具有良好的相容性。     

兴安落叶松目测等级锯材抗拉强度的宽度尺寸效应

以兴安落叶松锯材作为研究对象,研究了不同目测等级下锯材试材宽度与其顺纹抗拉强度之间的依存性。选取3种宽度尺寸的目测等级锯材,分成高、低目测等级组,按照相同的测试跨度测试锯材顺纹抗拉强度,并利用斜率法和形状参数法估计高、低目测等级试材顺纹抗拉强度5%分位值的宽度尺寸效应。结果表明：1）落叶松锯材宽度增加,其顺纹抗拉强度下...     

红黏土边坡香根草根土复合体的强度特性

[目的]针对植物护坡效应,探究香根草根系的力学特性及其根土复合体强度特征影响因素,为植物护坡工程设计提供参考依据.[方法]利用模型箱模拟红黏土填筑边坡进行香根草种植,利用根系拉拔试验和原状根土复合体直剪试验等室内试验,研究香根草的力学性能及根土复合体强度特征的影响因素.通过对试验结果进行拟合分析及Spearman相关性...     

半干旱矿区典型灌木根系固土力学及疲劳性能的差异性

[目的] 研究循环荷载对3种典型灌木根系抗拉力学特性的影响，明确疲劳作用后灌木根系固土效能的变化，为半干旱矿区生态修复和侵蚀防控过程中的植物种选择提供科学依据。 [方法] 以北沙柳、小叶锦鸡儿和沙棘根系为研究对象，利用TY8000伺服控制材料试验机对2～4 mm根径范围内的直根及侧根分支处施加轻度和重度循环荷载，分析疲劳前后根系抗拉力和抗拉强度的变化。 [结果] ①3种灌木根生物量、累计根长、根体积和根表面积种间差异显著，均表现为：北沙柳＞小叶锦鸡儿＞沙棘，且根生物量和根体积均主要分布于0-10 cm的表层土体，所占比例平均为38.5%和35.3%，累计根长和根表面积均主要分布于10-20 cm的浅层土体，所占比例平均为30.1%和29.8%。 ②3种灌木直根在疲劳前后抗拉力均与根径呈幂函数正相关，抗拉强度均与根径呈幂函数负相关，且抗拉力和抗拉强度均表现为：小叶锦鸡儿＞北沙柳＞沙棘，根系疲劳可显著提升直根抗拉性能。 ③3种灌木侧根分支处在疲劳前后抗拉力与抗拉强度随根径的变化与直根相似，疲劳前小叶锦鸡儿抗拉力最大，北沙柳次之，沙棘最低，但疲劳后却表现为：沙柳＞小叶锦鸡儿＞沙棘，根系疲劳可显著提升北沙柳和沙棘侧根分支处的抗拉力学性能，却会降低小叶锦鸡儿抗拉能力。 [结论] 在风蚀环境中，北沙柳根系在侵蚀过程中能始终保持良好的抗拉性能，可发挥稳定的固土抗蚀效能，应作为半干旱矿区植被重建的优选植物种。     

Structural stability of two Romanian soils as influenced by management practices

The effects of non-arable vs. arable land use as well as of wheeled traffic, crop rotation, manure applications and inorganic fertiliser application on soil stability parameters were investigated. The stability of a soil's structure was assessed by the dispersibility of clay in water, by measurement of the proportions of water-stable aggregates, and by the tensile strength of dry soil aggregates. An index of soil structural stability is defined and used. In general, there were trends towards increasing soil structural stability with non-arable agriculture, less wheeled traffic, crop rotations rather than monoculture, and fertiliser application.