留兰香茎尖超低温保存及遗传变异分析

为了长久保存留兰香种质资源,以留兰香(Menthae spicatae L.)茎尖为材料,对其玻璃化超低温保存条件进行研究,并运用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)和甲基敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)对玻璃化超低温保存再生材料(处理组)的遗传与表观遗传稳定性进行分析。结果表明:留兰香试管苗于4℃低温锻炼28d,于添加2mol/L甘油的MS培养基中预培养4d,0℃下于PVS2中脱水50min,液氮保存1h或者更长时间,成活率最高,可达60%左右,再生植株分化正常;超低温处理后再生材料(处理组)与正常继代材料(对照组)之间未发现有DNA片段的差异;与对照相比,处理组的材料均发生了甲基化状态与水平的变化,全基因组DNA胞嘧啶甲基化水平降低,另外,甲基化与去甲基化位点比率分别为8.93%和12.3%,说明超低温处理能够引起DNA甲基化的变化。由此推测,DNA甲基化可能是植物适应超低温保存的机制之一。     

DNA去甲基化参与提高白菜型冬油菜抗寒性的生理机制

利用来自不同育种环境的10份白菜型冬油菜材料,通过半致死温度的测定分析其抗寒性与环境的关系,并利用不同浓度DNA甲基化抑制剂5-azaC处理,分析DNA去甲基化对白菜型冬油菜DNA整体甲基化水平及低温胁迫下苗期生理特性的影响。结果表明,不同育种环境选育的材料,其半致死温度具有显著差异,其中材料2018-FJT、DT-7、DT-9与MXW-1的半致死温度分别为-16.04℃、-15.98℃、-15.63℃、-15.04℃;材料CT-2360、CT-2380、CT-2400、CT-2420、CT-2440、CT-2460的半致死温度分别为-11.32℃、-11.6℃、-11.42℃、-11.44℃、-12.97℃、-13.28℃。依据半致死温度,10个白菜型冬油菜抗寒性由强到弱依次为:2018-FJTDT-7DT-9MXW-1CT-2460CT-2400CT-2380CT-2420CT-2440CT-2360。抗寒性的形成与育成环境的纬度和年平均气温呈极显著正相关。选择抗寒性及产地不同的4个材料CT-2360、MXW-1、2018-FJT、DT-7进行生理测定,结果表明,1 000μmol·L~(-1) 5-azaC处理能显著抑制幼苗的根生长,4个材料的根长较对照减少93.14%～95.06%;低温下5-azaC处理对抗寒性较弱材料CT-2360幼苗的相对电导率、丙二醛含量以及强抗寒性材料DT-7幼苗的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量影响最显著(P0.05);低温处理过程中,4个材料的SOD、POD、CAT活性均上升,以低温处理5d最显著(P0.05),其中2018-FJT的SOD活性增幅最高,为45.85%,DT-7的POD活性增幅最大,为460%,CT-2360的CAT活性增幅最显著,为321.02%。HPLC分析发现常温下抗寒性较弱材料CT-2360的甲基化水平为77.48%,高于其他3个抗寒性强的材料;经过5-azaC处理后发生明显的去甲基化作用,证明抗寒能力受DNA去甲基化的调控。     

中华绒螯蟹核糖体DNA全序列分析

核糖体DNA通常被选作系统发育研究的分子标记,核糖体DNA中IGS部分序列的变异在一定程度上影响着生物的生长。报道了中华绒螯蟹核糖体DNA全序列的分离和序列特征。中华绒螯蟹核糖体DNA全长11660bp,包括18S(1873bp),ITS1(317bp),5.8S(163bp),ITS2(614bp),28S(4461bp)和IGS(4240bp);不同部分AT含量在40.1%～48.6%之间,低于果蝇(55.8%～80.0%),高于鲤(22.0%～43.7%)。平均100个核苷酸含简单重复序列(SSR)数由高到低依次为ITS2(0.98%),IGS(0.49%),28S(0.38%),ITS1(0.32%),18S(0.21%),5.8S(0%)。个体内差异分析结果表明,中华绒螯蟹个体内存在两类ITS2序列,其中一类在405nt处有一12bp(CGCAGGACCACC)插入序列。中华绒螯蟹rDNA的IGS部分长4240bp,AT含量为42.6%。IGS部分包含一个有约7个连续136～139bp单元组成的重复序列区,重复序列单元中存在XhoⅠ内切酶位点,为河蟹特有的重复序列;重复序列区后有一个由182个碱基对...     

Isolation and molecular characterization of entomopathogenic nematode,Heterorhabditis sp. from an arable land in Nigeria

The occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes(EPNs) in arable soil samples from Nigeria was investigated using Baermann extraction tray and insect-bait(White's trap) techniques. Isolates were tested for infectivity using the larvae of Galleria mellonella(greater moth) and Tenebrio molitor(mealworm). The study revealed a new species of Heterorhabditis(MT371593) in soil samples that were randomly collected from an arable farmland cultivated with cassava TMS-30572 at the Teaching and Research Farm of Landmark University, Nigeria. Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region(ITS) of the ribosomal DNA produced a nucleotide sequence of 933 base pairs(bp). A BLASTN search of Gen Bank showed that the sequence of the Nigerian isolate is identical at 99% similarity to that of Heterorhabditis sp. from Thailand. Infectivity test of the isolate showed 100% mortality against T. molitor larvae within 48 h of exposure while only 80% mortality was recorded for G. mellonella after 1 week of exposure. This is the first account of Heterorhabditis sp. in Nigeria. The varying degrees of infectivity against mealworm and greater moth observed in this study proved that the Nigerian isolate of Heterorhabditis sp. could potentially be an attractive option in the management of insect pests of cash crops.     

Quantification of the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf153 in soil using a quantitative competitive PCR assay unaffected by variability in cell lysis- and DNA-extraction efficiency

Although often neglected, variability in cell lysis efficiency and DNA extraction yield represents the major hurdles of any polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based quantification protocol in soil and other natural environments. In this study we developed a technique that minimizes the effects of these constraints, providing at the same time a reliable internal control to distinguish between PCR-inhibition and negative results. We used Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf153, a root-colonizing bacterium that shows biocontrol activity against tobacco and cucumber black root rot, as the target organism for PCR quantification. Prior to DNA extraction, the genetically engineered, cognate reference strain P. fluorescens CHA0/c2 was inoculated in a reference soil. CHA0/c2 in the reference soil and Pf153 in the soil sample were lysed in parallel and afterward the lysates were mixed in known proportions. CHA0/c2 carries the plasmid pME6031-cmp2 that contains an allelic variant (competitor) of the Pf153 specific sequence Pf153_2. In a quantitative competitive PCR (QC-PCR) assay the competitor allows the quantification of the target strain down to 0.66 Pf153 CFU/mg soil. Processing the reference strain in the same way as Pf153 enables the exact quantification of the target strain in biocontrol assays performed in natural soil, overcoming differences in DNA extraction efficiency and PCR amplification from different soil environments. This technique is easily adaptable to other Pseudomonas strains simply by replacing the competitor used here with one derived from a SCAR-marker which is specific for the strain of choice.     

Methyl donors dietary supplementation to gestating sows diet improves the growth rate of offspring and is associating with changes in expression and DNA methylation of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 gene

The study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal dietary methyl donors on the performance of sows and their offspring, and the associated hepatic insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) expression of the offspring. A total of 24 multiparous sows were randomly fed the control (CON) or the CON diet supplemented with methyl donors (MD) at 3 g/kg betaine, 15 mg/kg folic acid, 400 mg/kg choline and 150 μg/kg VB₁₂, from mating until delivery. After farrowing, sows were fed a common lactation diet through a 28‐days lactation period and six litters per treatment were selected to be fed until at approximately 110 kg BW. Maternal MD supplementation resulted in greater birthweight (p < 0.05) and increased the piglet weights (p < 0.01) and litter weights (p < 0.05) at the age of day 28, compared with that in CON group. The offspring pigs in the MD group had greater ADG (p < 0.05) and tended to lower F:G ratio (p = 0.07) compared with that of CON group from day 28 to 180 of age. The offspring pigs from MD group had greater serum IGF‐1 concentrations and expressions of hepatic IGF‐1 gene and muscular IGF‐1 receptor (IGF‐1r) protein at birth (p < 0.05), and greater hepatic IGF‐1 protein (p = 0.03) and muscular IGF‐1r gene expressions (p < 0.05) at slaughter, than that from the CON group. Moreover, the methylation at the promoter of IGF‐1 gene in the liver of newborn piglets and finishing pigs was greater in the MD group than that of the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, maternal MD supplementation throughout gestation could enhance the birthweight and postnatal growth rate of offspring, associated with an increased expression of the IGF‐1 gene and IGF‐1r, as well as the altered DNA methylation of IGF‐1 gene promotor.     

入侵性食叶害虫椰子织蛾的单倍型多样性分析

【目的】分析危害棕榈科Palmae植物的一种重要入侵食叶害虫椰子织蛾Opisina arenosella单倍型在原产地和入侵地的分布特点,揭示椰子织蛾入侵我国的虫源信息。【方法】利用线粒体COI基因分析16个地理种群共计172个样本,比较椰子织蛾印度种群和入侵地(中国、马来西亚和泰国)种群的遗传关系。【结果】片段长度为625 bp的172条序列共鉴定出12个单倍型,包含15个变异位点,构成2个明显的单倍型分支,其中一个分支由11个单倍型(IN1～IN11)组成,均来自印度种群,单倍型IN1是6个印度种群的共享单倍型,IN2～IN11为独享单倍型;另一个分支为单倍型HAP,由来自中国、马来西亚和泰国的种群共享;HAP与11个来自印度的单倍型IN1～IN11均存在4个变异位点。【结论】入侵地区的椰子织蛾种群来自同一基因型或者具有相同的入侵源;椰子织蛾种群入侵后受环境选择压力,在新栖息地产生新的突变或杂交。     

高山马铃薯脱毒苗DNA甲基化的MSAP分析

为了解脱毒对高山马铃薯试管苗DNA甲基化水平的影响,探究DNA 甲基化在高山马铃薯脱毒后的作用,结合毛细管电泳检测技术对怀玉山高山马铃薯脱毒苗的基因组DNA甲基化进行MSAP分析。结果表明,怀玉山高山马铃薯常温继代带毒苗甲基化水平较高,经过玻璃化法超低温保存处理但未能脱毒时其甲基化水平有所下降,但甲基化仍处于较高水平,而常规茎尖培养脱毒和玻璃化法超低温疗法脱毒可明显降低试管苗的甲基化水平,且玻璃化法超低温疗法脱毒苗的甲基化水平更低。在怀玉山高山马铃薯超低温保存(未能脱毒)、茎尖常规培养脱毒和超低温疗法脱毒3个处理方式中,去甲基化模式和甲基化模式并存,但均以去甲基化模式为主要趋势,且在去甲基化模式的强弱依次为超低温疗法脱毒>茎尖常规培养脱毒>超低温保存(未脱毒)。本研究结果为怀玉山高山马铃薯脱毒苗的种质保存和规模化生产提供了一定的理论依据。     

用RAPD标记分析草地早熟禾遗传多样性

采用RAPD分子标记技术对从美国引进的12份草地早熟禾(Poapra tensis L.)品种的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,从60个随机引物中筛选的17个有效引物共扩增出104条带,其中多态性带65条,占总带数的62.5%,平均每个引物扩增出多态性带3.82条;利用NTSY S-PC软件计算品种间Jaccard遗传相似系数(GS),变化范围为0.362~0.971;用非加权组法(UPGMA)聚类分析,建立供试品种的分子系统树状图,以相似系数0.7为标准分为5类,其中新哥来德(NuGlade)、解放者(Liberator)、浪潮(Impact)、午夜(Midnight)、自由Ⅱ(Freedom Ⅱ)、超级伊克利(Total eclipse)和纳苏(Nassau)共7个品种聚为一类,兰神(Nublue)和美洲王(America)聚为一类,其余品种各自为一类;该结果对引进草地早熟禾品种资源评价与利用具有一定的参考价值。     

用CTAB法提取苎麻总DNA试验

用CTAB法提取了苎麻总DNA ,考虑到苎麻中酚类、黄酮类等次生代谢物质多的特点 ,在提取液中加入了一定浓度的PVP和 β -巯基乙醇 ,从而获得了高分子量的DNA。经实验鉴定 ,其纯度符合分子遗传实验的要求