基于建构主义的快乐教学情境创设与应用

根据信息技术课教学培养学生对信息准确及时的把握和实际操作能力等特点,尝试将建构主义的快乐教学情境创设与应用于实际教学中。通过教学尝试,使学生们在快乐的课堂氛围中掌握知识要点,学会灵活地运用新学的知识,增强在生活中的运用能力。     

基于.NET技术网络教学平台的开发

设计并实现了基于.NET技术的网络教学平台,从平台的开发方法及途径、总体结构及功能、关键技术等角度做了阐述。     

基于鱼类保护目标的椒江环境流量研究

以鱼类为保护目标, 通过建立概念模型将鱼类保护目标与流量之间的关系相联系, 识别了与椒江鱼类保护目标相关的环境流量组成要素。采用FLOWS 方法, 计算了椒江2 个断面的环境流量, 柏枝岙断面的低流量为6.8~17.3 m³·s^-1、高流量为22.2 m³·s^-1, 低流量脉冲为74 m³·s^-1, 高流量脉冲为110 m³·s^-1, 齐岸流量为948 m³·s^-1; 灵海断面的低流量为16.0~31.8 m³·s^-1, 高流量为46.0 m³·s^-1, 齐岸流量为2 488~3 184 m³·s^-1。并得出每组环境流量出现时间、持续时间和出现频率等的推荐结果。与Tennant 方法的计算结果比较, 采用FLOWS 计算方法能够反映环境流量的季节性变化特点, 同时体现了环境流量与自然流量过程的一致性。此研究结果可为椒江的水资源合理利用与河流生态系统保护提供理论依据。     

畜禽粪便堆肥养分释放及其合理施用

本文采用室内培养法和田间埋设玻璃滤纸包法研究了粉状畜禽粪便堆肥和颗粒堆肥的养分释放。结果表明,粉状堆肥经颗粒化处理后,养分释放速度变缓,适合在生长期较长的农作物上施用。在一个生长季中牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪颗粒堆肥N素释放率分别为30～35%,35%～45%和45～55%,但其中60～80%的N素释放主要集中在施用后的前二个月内。     

Novel antibiotics as inhibitors for the selective respiratory inhibition method of measuring fungal:bacterial ratios in soil

The use of the selective inhibition (SI) method for measuring fungal:bacterial ratios may be limited due to biocide selectivity and the overlap of antibiotic activity. This study evaluated novel pairs of antibiotics for their specificity in soils of different origins and their potential reduction in inhibition of non-target organisms. Four soils selected for this study were from a semi-arid shrub-steppe, a loblolly pine forest and two grassland sites (restored and farmed prairie plots). Three bactericides were tested: oxytetracycline hydrochloride, streptomycin sulphate, and bronopol. Three fungicides were tested: captan, ketoconazole, and nystatin. The inhibitor additivity ratio and fungal:bacterial ratios were calculated from control and treated soils where inhibition was measured as CO₂ respiration reduction with biocides. We were able to minimize non-target inhibition by the antibiotics to <5% and thus calculate reliable fungal:bacterial ratios using captan to inhibit fungi in all four soils, and bronopol to inhibit bacteria in three of the four soils. The most successful bactericide in the restored prairie was oxytetracycline-HCl. Our results demonstrate that application of novel antibiotics is not uniformly successful in soils of different origin and that the SI technique requires more than just optimization of antibiotic concentration; it also requires optimization of antibiotic selection.     

土壤有机质测定方法述评与展望

有机质是土壤的重要组成部分,是判定土壤质量动态变化的重要标准。为了便于了解当前土壤有机质测定方法的优点和局限性,利于今后有机质研究和测定工具的开发,本文对当前测定有机质的方法,包括干烧法、湿烧法、化学氧化法、灼烧法和土壤有机质光谱测定法进行了阐述,分析了各方法的优缺点以及研究中适宜选择的方法,并对当今农业的需求和测定方法的不足,提出了研究无损、原位测量有机质工具的构想,展望了土壤有机质快速测定方法的发展趋势,以此为精准农业的实施和农业的可持续发展,提供基本的信息及建议。     

使用熵权法划分污染重点区域及识别主要污染因子

[目的]对嘉兴市污染重点区域进行划分,并探明该区域主要污染因子。[方法]在嘉兴市及周边地区的主要河道上设置29个监测断面,监测指标包括CODCr,大肠杆菌总数,TN,NH+4—N和TP。再利用熵权法将多个水质参数转化为一个综合指数,通过对综合指数进行分析。[结果]嘉兴市TN,TP超标严重,浓度范围分别为2.60~10.52mg/L,0.60~5.68mg/L,均超过地表水水质标准(GB3838—2002)中的Ⅴ类标准。29个监测点的水质综合指数范围为1.61~8.69。嘉兴市的海盐县、平湖市交界处以及秀洲区中部综合污染最严重,以此为中心向外污染程度逐渐降低,桐乡、海宁西部及嘉善县北部相对污染最轻。研究区中TP为主要污染因子,CODCr,大肠杆菌总数次之。[结论]在污染总体较严重的地区,水质综合指数法可以较好地体现区域间污染程度的差异,通过比较同一监测点不同水质参数对综合指数的贡献还可获得区域主要污染因子。     

LiCl沉淀法提取富含荚膜的细菌基因组DNA

结合提取基因组DNA的CTAB法(hexadecyltrimethylammoniumbromide,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)和用于提取海藻基因组DNA的LiCl法,设计了针对产生较多荚膜多糖细菌的DNA提取方法—LiCl沉淀法。通过电泳、分光光度计及16SrRNA基因扩增检测,证明LiCl沉淀法可以有效地提取产荚膜细菌基因组DNA,其片断大小约为23kb,不需进一步纯化即可用于后续分子生物学实验。     

桂元干的工厂化生产

传统的桂元干生产工艺花工费时,劳动强度大,烘焙温度不均,热效率低,品质不稳定。作者采用桂元干生产新工艺为仙游县果蔬综合食品厂设计了桂元干生产车间,使新工艺由实验室转化为工厂化规模生产。新工艺的操作要点是:原料预处理、清洗、化学去蜡、初烘、回潮、分级、复烘、冷却、包装、入库。关键设备是蒸汽烘房,关键技术是化学去蜡和烘焙时间与温度的控制。烘干过程是一个较为复杂的物料脱水过程,烘干规律也较复杂,作者用简化方法计算烘干过程,与生产实际相当接近。用新工艺生产的桂元干,在外观和品质上都优于传统工艺,可以推广。     

Evaluation of Nitric Acid Extraction of Elements from Soils and Sediments in Two watersheds in East Tennessee

Determining the total elemental concentrations of soils requires a total dissolution method, in which hydrofluoric acid (HF) is commonly used. However, this method is tedious and risky due to the dangerous reagent HF. This study compared a single acid extraction technique using a nitric acid (HNO₃) extraction method to total dissolution (HF + microwave assisted aqua regia) for evaluating the total elemental concentrations in soils and sediments. The two methods were used to analyze the elemental content of soils and sediments from the Oostanaula Creek and Pond Creek watersheds in East Tennessee. Twenty-one elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Nd, P, S, Si, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, and Zr) were subsequently measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The extraction efficiency for HNO₃ relative to the total was compared and discussed. In general, HNO₃ can extract the elements in absorbed phases and those residing in non-silicate minerals. Six elements (Ba, Co, Fe, Ca, Mn, and P) generated significant correlations between total and HNO₃ in both OC and PC watersheds. Finally, the elements were grouped according to the interrelationships of their total elemental concentrations based on the dendrogram plots, suggesting their geochemical association in soils and sediment forming minerals.