The drought response of landraces of wheat from the northern Negev Desert in Israel

Summary Diverse landraces of wheat, collected from the semi-arid (150 to 250 mm of total annual rainfall) Northern Negev desert in Israel were considered as a potential genetic resource of drought resistance for wheat breeding. These materials were therefore evaluated for their reponses to drought stress in agronomical and physiological terms. Up to 68 landraces, comprising of Triticum durum, T. aestivum, and T. compactum were tested in two field drought environments, in one favourable field environment, under post-anthesis chemical plant desiccation which revealed the capacity for grain filling from mobilized stem reserves, under a controlled drought stress in a rainout shelter and in the growth chamber under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress. Biomass, grain yield and its components, harvest index, plant phenology, canopy temperatures, kernel weight loss by chemical plant desiccation, growth reduction by PEG-induced drought stress and osmotic adjustment were evaluated in the various experiments.Landraces varied significantly for all parameters of drought response as measured in the different experiments, which was in accordance to their documented large morphological diversity. Variation in grain yield among landraces under an increasing drought stress after tillering was largely affected by spike number per unit area. Kernel weight contributed very little to yield variation among landraces under stress, probably because these tall (average of 131 cm) landraces generally excelled in their capacity to support kernel growth by stem reserve mobilization under stress. Yield under stress was reduced with a longer growth duration of landraces only under early planting but not under late planting. Landraces were generally late flowering but they were still considered well adapted phenologically to their native region where they were always planted late.Landraces differed significantly in canopy temperature under drought stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was negatively correlated across landraces with grain yield (r=0.67^**) and biomass (r=0.64^**) under stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was also positively correlated across landraces (r=0.50^**) with canopy temperature in one stress field environment. Osmotic adjustment in PEG-stressed plants was negatively correlated (r=–0.60^**) with percent growth reduction by PEG-induced water stress. It was not correlated with yield under stress in any of the experiments. In terms of yield under stress, canopy temperatures and stem reserve utilization for grain filling, the most drought resistant landrace was the Juljuli population of T.durum.     

茶园切抛组合式开沟刀设计与试验

针对茶园机械化开沟抛土性能不理想、无专用刀具的问题,设计了适用于茶园开沟的切抛组合式开沟刀。对抛土刀抛土片的抛土过程进行动力学分析,确定其关键参数抛土片宽度为8cm、倾斜角为30°时,可保证抛土刀横向抛土幅宽满足农艺要求。性能试验表明：切抛组合式开沟刀单侧抛土幅宽为22.7cm、抛土均匀性系数为90.3%、覆土厚度为2.1cm、开沟深度稳定性系数为87.8%、沟底浮土厚度为1.2cm,对照组单一开沟刀为13.4cm、84.3%、2.4cm、82.3%、2.5cm,说明切抛组合式开沟刀更符合茶园开沟实际需求,抛土均匀性与开沟稳定性更好,所抛土壤不易落入沟内。功耗分析试验表明,与单一切土刀相比,切抛组合式开沟刀抛土的正后侧区域冲击力减小,抛土上方区域冲击力减小,从而导致其抛土总冲击力减小,因此,该组合式开沟刀提高了开沟抛土质量,同时未明显增大开沟功耗。     

黄瓜种质资源单性结实性评价

 在春季日光温室条件下,对75份黄瓜种质资源的单性结实性进行了评价。结果表明：75份材料的单性结实率在0~100%呈连续分布。其中强单性结实材料40份,占53.3%,中等单性结实材料24份, 占32%,弱单性结实材料11份,占14.7%。其中的24份品种资源中,强单性结实品种20个,占83.3%,其余为中等单性结实。单性结实性强弱表现为坐果率的差异,不同种质资源无籽果实与有籽果实的单瓜重和瓜形指数基本相似。单性结实性一般随着节位升高而增强,其评价工作可侧重于20节内的低节位。     

茶树新品种‘佛香3号’

 ‘佛香3号’是利用‘福鼎大白茶’ ( ♀) ב长叶白毫’ ( ♂) 人工授粉杂交, 从F1 中单株选育而成, 为高香、优质、高产、抗逆性强, 适制绿茶的新品种。绿茶外形满披银毫, 香气高长, 滋味鲜醇, 叶底黄绿明亮; 优质干茶产量2 371.2 kg·hm^-2, 适宜在云南大叶茶区推广种植。     

超临界脱除茶叶咖啡因的优化工艺

以完整茶叶为研究对象,通过单因素实验和正交实验研究萃取压力、萃取温度、夹带剂浓度、夹带剂用量4因素对咖啡因脱除率的影响,优化了超临界脱除茶叶咖啡因的工艺条件,即萃取压力35MPa、萃取温度80℃、浓度70%的乙醇作为夹带剂,其用量与茶叶的质量比为1.2∶1时脱除率最高,达到48.96,以此达到提高茶叶品质和价值的目的.     

漳平水仙茶饼多酚的纯化及其体外活性研究

为了研究大孔树脂对水仙茶饼多酚的纯化效果,试验以水仙茶饼多酚粗提液为原料,比较了9种不同型号大孔树脂对水仙茶饼粗多酚的静态吸附和解吸性能,再以吸附率和解吸率为指标通过静态、动态吸附解吸试验。考察了各因素对LX-28树脂纯化水仙饼茶粗多酚的影响,最后探讨了纯化前后的水仙茶饼多酚的体外抗氧化和抑菌效果。结果表明:最佳纯化树脂LX-28,最佳吸附和解吸条件为1.5 mg/mL的质量浓度的水仙茶饼多酚粗提取液(pH4.0~5.0)以2.0 mL/min的流速上样95 mL,吸附平衡后去离子水冲洗至无色,再用70 mL,65%体积分数乙醇溶液(pH6.0)为洗脱剂,以3.0 mL/min流速洗脱,在此纯化条件下LX-28树脂对水仙茶饼多酚的吸附率和解吸率分别为(93.587±0.379)%和(95.330±1.282)%,树脂可重复使用4次,纯度提高了约3.04倍;对DPPH·和ABTS+·自由基清除率的IC50值分别从纯化前的1.279、3.682 mg/mL降低到0.295、1.525 mg/mL;对供试的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、米根霉和紫红曲霉均有不同程度的抑制作用,纯化后的水仙茶饼多酚的抑菌效果优于纯化前。     

武夷岩茶种质资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系的SRAP分析

本研究利用SRAP-PCR反应体系,从88对SRAP引物组合中筛选出43对引物组合,对武夷岩茶主要的30份种质资源进行SRAP分析,共扩增出385条带,其中具有多态性的有236条带,占总数的61.30%,表明30份武夷岩茶种质呈现一定的遗传多样性。武夷岩茶种质资源间遗传距离变幅在0.31~0.98之间,平均为0.63,基于SRAP标记利用系统聚类法把武夷岩茶分为三大类,为武夷岩茶遗传研究、品种选育与资源保护提供参考。     

茶树牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合成酶基因CsGGDPS的克隆及表达分析

以铁观音芽叶为材料,验证从茶树转录组数据库中筛选到的1条牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合成酶(GGDPS)的编码全长序列c DNA。该c DNA全长1 661 bp,含有1个1 137 bp完整的开放阅读框,命名为Cs GGDPS。该基因编码378个氨基酸,氨基酸序列具有类异戊二烯合成酶家族的5个保守域和2个特征功能域;序列分析显示,该c DNA与其他植物GGDPS高度保守,与三七(Panax notoginseng)的亲缘关系最近。Cs GGDPS属于不稳定、亲水蛋白,可能定位到叶绿体中,不存在跨膜结构,无信号肽,发生磷酸化的位点可能有20个;二级结构主要由α-螺旋构成,三级结构与拟南芥GGPPS11匹配度最高。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,在茶树发育过程和不同叶位Cs GGDPS的表达量随芽叶成熟度的增加呈上升趋势,随着做青过程的进行,Cs GGDPS的表达量逐渐升高;Cs GGDPS在父本黄旦、母本铁观音和子一代金观音中均有表达,但表达量存在差异。     

茶树GGPS基因家族的克隆、生物信息学和表达分析

牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶(Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase,GGPS)是萜类合成途径的结构酶,对植物生长发育具有重要意义。本研究通过RACE和RT-PCR方法克隆得到5条潜在的茶树GGPS序列,分别命名为CsGGPS1-4和CsGGPS9,其中CsGGPS9存在3条等位基因,分别是CsGGPS9-1、CsGGPS9-2和CsGGPS9-3,在系统进化树上与其他基因分成两支。蛋白质序列分析表明,茶树GGPS家族成员都具有polyprenyl_synt结构域,不存在信号肽序列。亚细胞定位预测结果显示,CsGGPS1、CsGGPS2和CsGGPS4定位在叶绿体上,CsGGPS3和CsGGPS9定位在线粒体上。通过Swiss Model进行三维建模,结合"three-floor"模型对茶树GGPS家族成员的功能进行预测,预测结果显示,CsGGPS1、CsGGPS2和CsGGPS4是GGPS;CsGGPS3是异源二聚体形式的牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶的小亚基;CsGGPS9的催化主产物是碳链数大于30的异戊烯基焦磷酸。q RT-PCR分析表明,CsGGPS1整体表达丰度较低,仅在一芽二叶中表达量稍高;CsGGPS2在茶树各个组织中均有表达,在花中表达量最高,且花发育过程中表达量先上升后下降;CsGGPS3在叶和幼根中的表达量高于花,花发育过程中表达平稳;CsGGPS4在茶树各个组织中表达量数值相近,在花发育过程中表达量变化趋势与CsGGPS2相同;CsGGPS9的表达量在成熟叶中显著低于幼嫩叶片。     

红茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸的影响

研究红茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸的影响。将36只雄性KM小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、红茶提取物低、中、高剂量组及别嘌呤醇组。空白组和给茶组连续1周分别灌胃生理盐水和红茶提取物,给茶组第7天造模后1 h给茶;模型组在第7天腹腔注射氧嗪酸钾并灌胃酵母膏造模。测定结果显示:与模型组相比,各给茶组血尿酸(UA)水平均降低;与模型组相比,给茶组血尿素氮(BUN)水平均降低,其中、高剂量给茶组BUN水平显著降低(P0.05),高剂量组差异极显著(P0.01);各给茶组血肌酐(Cr)值与模型组相比极显著下降(P0.001)。高剂量组黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性较模型组显著降低(P0.05),低、中剂量组有一定的抑制作用,但无显著差异。研究表明,红茶提取物对氧嗪酸钾和酵母膏导致的小鼠高尿酸血症有明显的改善作用。