Genotypic Differences Among Plant Species in Response to Aluminum Stress

Abstract

Genotypic differences in aluminum (Al) resistance in rye (Secale cereale L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and buckwheat (Fygopyrum esculentum Moench) were examined using a compartmental hydroponic system. Four-day-old seedlings were grown for 24 h in 0.5 mM CaCl₂ (pH 4.5) containing 0 or 50 μM Al. Relative root elongation (RRE) at 50 μM Al. (as a percentage of that at 0 Al) was used as the index of Al resistance. On average, rye exhibited the highest Al resistance, followed by buckwheat, triticale, and wheat. However, triticale displayed the greatest genotypic differences. Al content in the root tips of triticale breeding lines negatively correlated with RRE (r = 0.5, P < 0.01), implying that the Al exclusion mechanism contributed to Al resistance. Furthermore, high Al resistance in buckwheat correlated well with the growth habitats of buckwheat, indicating that adaptation mechanisms giving good Al resistance have evolved in buckwheat. All of these results suggested that it is possible to obtain greater Al resistance in plants by screening current existing cultivars. The selection of new cultivars with increased Al resistance and sensitivity will provide important material for further studies exploring Al phytotoxic and resistant mechanisms.     

Buckwheat Seed Milling Fractions: Description, Macronutrient Composition and Dietary Fibre

The structure of the mature buckwheat achene and groat is discussed in relation to milling fractions and nutritional composition. Whole groats contain 55% starch, 12% protein, 4% lipid, 2% soluble carbohydrates, 7% total dietary fiber (TDF), 2% ash, and 18% other components (organic acids, phenolic compounds, tannins, phosphorylated sugars, nucleotides and nucleic acids, unknown compounds). The composition of the milling fractions reflects the relative abundance of seed tissues. Starch is concentrated in the central endosperm. Protein, oil, soluble carbohydrates and minerals are concentrated in the embryo. Commercial «Fancy» flour, a light-coloured flour, is mostly central endosperm and contains 75% starch, 6% protein, 1% lipid, 1% soluble carbohydrates, 3% TDF, 1% ash, and 13% other components. Although the embryo traverses the central endosperm, during milling parts of the embryo separate with the aleurone and seed coat in the bran fraction. Bran, with little central endosperm, contains 18% starch, 36% protein, 11% lipid, 6% soluble carbohydrates, 15% TDF, 7% ash, and 7% other components. Buckwheat bran also is a rich source of TDF and soluble dietary fibre (SDF), particularly bran with hull fragments (40% TDF of which 25% is SDF), while bran without hull fragments has 16% TDF of which 75% is SDF.     

甜荞和苦荞染色体核型分析

本文以甜荞和苦荞为材料 ,对荞麦染色体核型进行分析 ,结果表明 :小红花甜荞染色体核型为 2 n=2 x=16=12 m 4 sm (4SAT) ;日本甜荞和山西甜荞染色体核型均为 2 n=2 x=16 =16 m(4SAT) ;威宁苦荞染色体核型为 2 n=2 x=16 =12 m(2 SAT) 4 sm。小红花、日本甜荞、山西甜荞和威宁苦荞的染色体臂比变化范围分别为 1.10～1.86、1.11～ 1.5 7、1.0 6～ 1.5 2和 1.2 0～ 2 .89。小红花和威宁苦荞的染色体数目及核型分析均为首次报道。     

荞麦愈伤组织的高频率诱导和植株再生研究

研究了高频率诱导荞麦愈伤组织和再生植株的组培技术。在附加０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ ２．４－Ｄ和ＫＴ的ＭＳ４培养基上,胚轴和子叶外植体愈伤组织的诱导率高达８１．３％￣９１．２％,胚轴不定芽的诱导率为３４．５％￣４１．２％。将胚轴在附加０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ ２．４－Ｄ的ＭＳ２上预培养１５ｄ左右再转到ＭＳ４上,不定芽诱导率可达５３．３％。不定芽也可从培养于ＭＳ５（附加０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ ＫＴ）中的外植体上直接产生,当不定芽转到附加０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ ＮＡＡ的ＭＳ７培养基上可诱导生根。本研究为进一步开展荞麦细胞工程和基因工程研究提供了较成熟的组培技术。     

荞麦芽菜蛋白质营养的评价研究

对甜荞 (Fagopyrum esculentum)和苦荞 (F.tartaricum)芽的蛋白质营养进行分析 ,并应用氨基酸比值系数法 ,对荞麦芽的氨基酸进行全面评价。结果表明 ,苦荞 (榆 6- 2 1 )芽的粗蛋白含量为 1 42 .91 g/kg,甜荞 (榆荞 1号 )芽的粗蛋白含量为 1 72 .72 g/kg。二者蛋白质中氨基酸种类齐全 ,必需氨基酸 (EAA)分别占总氨基酸的 43.1 9%和 40 .89%。第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸 (Met+Cys)。甜荞芽菜的氨基酸比值系数分为 81 .97,略高于鸡蛋 ,苦荞芽菜的氨基酸比值系数分为 74.45,其蛋白质营养优于一般的蔬菜。抗营养因子检测未发现胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性。     

苦荞种质资源AFLP标记遗传多样性分析

 【目的】从分子水平研究苦荞种质资源的遗传多样性,为综合评价苦荞种质资源提供依据。【方法】用筛选出的20对AFLP引物,对14个不同地理来源的165份苦荞种质进行遗传多样性分析。【结果】共扩增出938条清晰的条带,其中314（33.48%）条呈多态性,平均每对引物组合的条带数和多态性带数分别为46.9个和15.7个。不同地理来源苦荞种质的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数为0.1093～0.2661,四川资源群最高,青海、云南和甘肃/宁夏等资源群次之,湖南资源群最低。利用Popgen Ver.1.32软件,依不同地理来源苦荞资源群间Nei′s遗传一致度可聚类成5个组,聚类结果与苦荞地理分布相关。基于Structure 2.2软件分析,165份苦荞资源分为5大组群,并与Popgen Ver.1.32聚类结果呼应得较好,其中云南和四川资源的群体结构最复杂,最为多样化,分别被聚到了5个组群中。【结论】苦荞类群的亲缘关系以及遗传多样性与其地理分布有一定相关性。     

大野荞种子中的谷草转氨酶同工酶研究

为研究大野荞的遗传变异及其与栽培荞麦的关系,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,以甜荞(Fagopyrumesculetun)和苦荞(F.tataricum)为对照,对大野荞(F.megaspartanium)不同收集系合计24份栽培和野生荞麦种子的谷草转氨酶同工酶进行了研究。结果表明:谷草转氨酶同工酶酶带共8条。不同物种的酶带数为3～6条,甜荞和苦荞分别有3条和4～5条,其特征谱带分别为GOT-2和GOT-1。而大野荞有3～6条,18个大野荞收集系可分为3类:类I,含甜荞特征谱5GOT-2,不含苦荞特征谱5GOT-1,绝大多数大野荞收集系(W1～W8、W10～W13、W15、W17、W18)是这种类型;类Ⅱ,含苦荞特征谱5GOT-1,但不含甜荞特征谱5GOT-2,仅包含原产湖北和湖南的收集系W9和W14;类Ⅲ为既含苦荞特征谱5GOT-1,也含甜荞特征谱5GOT-2,包含的大野荞收集系为原产湖南的W16。试验所用的3个荞麦种类(甜荞、苦荞、大野荞)几乎都含有谱带GOT-4和GOT-5。结果显示,大野荞遗传多样性相对较丰富。     

汽蒸荞麦干燥参数对单位耗热量影响的试验

通过单因素试验以及二次正交旋转组合试验,研究了温度、风速、厚度对单位耗热量的影响。建立了各因素与单位耗热量的回归数学模型。利用非线性优化理论与方法得到了汽蒸荞麦干燥的最优工艺参数为温度105℃、风速3．3m／s、厚度52mm。     

不同青贮处理对苦荞麦品质及营养成分的影响

目的：研究不同青贮处理对荞麦秸秆的感官性状及营养品质的影响。方法：将不同比例的玉米面、米糠、糖蜜和玉米秸秆加入荞麦秸秆中混合青贮,从感官、pH值、氨态氮和营养成分等方面进行分析评价。结果：与对照组相比,各处理组均不同程度地改善了青贮品质。从pH值和氨态氮含量来看,30%混合玉米青贮组效果最好;4%米糠组的粗蛋白（5.74%）含量显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05);5%糖蜜组和30%混合玉米青贮组的粗脂肪含量显著低于其他三个处理组(P<0.05)。结论：综合比较感官性状和营养品质,5%糖蜜和4%米糠处理条件下,青贮品质总体效果较好,是荞麦秸秆饲用前处理的可行途径之一。     

苦荞遗传多样性分析与核心种质筛选

利用SSR分子标记技术,对来自西藏、陕西、四川、贵州等4省区的210份苦荞品种进行遗传多样性研究。结果表明,所选用的50对SSR引物中,有16对引物多态性良好,共扩增出178个条带,其中多态性条带达118个,占总数的66.3%;210份苦荞种质的遗传变幅为0.62~0.98,平均值为0.80,在遗传相似系数为0.88处可划分为5大类。聚类结果显示,来自同一地区的苦荞品种显示出聚为一类的趋势,表明苦荞的遗传信息受地理分布的影响较大;第V类所聚的41份分别来自西藏(27份)、陕西(8份)和贵州(6份)的品种表现出较为丰富的遗传多样性,与其他种质相比,这41份材料不仅遗传差异较大,而且遗传来源广泛,可作为苦荞核心种质筛选的基础。