模糊评分法在高羊茅品种综合评价中的应用

1999--2001年对引进和培育的高羊茅新品种(系)在喀斯特生态区进行品种比较试验。观测记裁各参试品种的性状表现，对春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的观测结果，用模糊评分法Ⅲ进行分析比较，并按综合评价值的大小排序a结果高羊茅“98--1”的综合评价值最大，排第一名，依次是猎狗5号、矮星2号、凌志(对照)，其余参试品种排名次后。认为用模糊评分法对高羊茅品种进行分析评价是可行的。     

基于转录组测序的高羊茅分蘖与株高相关差异表达基因分析

分蘖与株高是禾本科草类植物重要的农艺性状,明确参与调控分蘖与株高的基因类型对牧草和草坪草分子辅助育种具有重要意义。以表型差异明显的两个高羊茅品种“Kentucky-31”（K31）和“Regenerate”为材料,旨在构建高羊茅分蘖节转录组图谱,挖掘在分蘖节部位调控生长发育相关的差异表达基因（differentially expressed genes,DEGs）。基于高通量测序技术平台Illumina HiSeq 2500×Miseq 300进行转录组测序,并将得到的数据进行de novo组装,结果共获得77872条单基因簇（unigene）。将获得的unigenes与非冗余蛋白数据库（non-redundant protein database,NR）、蛋白质数据库（universal protein,Uniprot）、基因本体数据库（gene ontology,GO）、东京基因与基因组数据库（kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG）以及直系同源蛋白簇（clusters of orthologous groups,COG）数据库进行比对,结果显示：分别有59927、40213、44447、15146和13767条unigenes成功获得注释。“Regenerate”与“K31”对比有1573个上调DEGs和1441个下调DEGs。GO富集分析发现,DEGs主要富集在细胞、细胞组分、大分子复合物组装等生物过程。DEGs中共注释到42个差异表达转录因子,主要包括TCP、WRKY和ARF等19种类型。还注释到与8类植物激素相关的DEGs,包括生长素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸、赤霉素、乙烯、油菜素甾醇、水杨酸和茉莉酸。利用实时荧光定量PCR对DEGs进行表达模式验证,发现其与RNA-Seq测序结果一致,证实了测序结果的准确性。研究结果丰富了高羊茅的转录组序列资源,初步获得控制株高及分蘖发育的候选因子,为进一步开展基因功能及分子育种研究提供了理论支持。     

Impact of Phosphorus from Dairy Manure and Commercial Fertilizer on Perennial Grass Forage Production

Increased recovery and recycling of manure phosphorus (P) by crops on dairy farms is needed to minimize environmental problems. The main objective of this study was to compare P utilization by orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) from dairy manure or inorganic fertilizer. The study was conducted from 1994 to 2000 at the Cornell University Baker Farm, Willsboro, NY, on a somewhat poorly drained Kingsbury clay (very–fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs). The design was a split‐plot in a randomized complete block with two manure rates (16 800 and 33 600 kg ha^?1) and one nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate (84 kg N ha^?1 at spring greenup and 56 kg N ha^?1 prior to each regrowth harvest) as the main plots and grass species as subplots replicated six times. Fertilizer P [Ca(H₂PO₄)₂] was applied to the fertilizer treatment in 1995 and 1996 at 11 kg P ha^?1 year^?1. Orchardgrass P removal averaged 21 % higher than tall fescue P removal for the spring harvest, but orchardgrass averaged 24 % lower P removal than tall fescue removal for all regrowth harvests from 1995–99. Phosphorus herbage concentration in the fertilizer treatment was in the range of 1.9–2.7 g P kg^?1 compared with 2.2–5.3 g P kg^?1 in the manure treatments. Seasonal P removal ranged from as low as 9.2 kg P ha^?1 to as high as 48.5 kg P ha^?1. Morgan extractable soil P in the top 0–0.20 m remained high through 1999, with 29.1 kg P ha^?1 at the highest manure rate in tall fescue compared with 8.4 kg P ha^?1 measured in 1993 prior to the experiment. In 2000, soil P at the highest manure rate in tall fescue dropped to 10.1 kg P ha^?1, following cessation of manure application in 1998. Intensively managed harvested orchardgrass and tall fescue have the potential to remove large quantities of manure P.     

Competition Between Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) at Three Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization, During Three Growing Seasons

Competition between timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) and meadow fescue ( Festucapratensis Huds.) under three levels of nitrogen was studied during three growing seasons under northern climatic conditions, 69° N latitude. Timothy initially had higher competitive abilities, particularly when nitrogen was added, but due to a higher regrowth capacity, meadow fescue was able to compete with timothy increasingly over time. The species differed in their growth patterns. Timothy had a higher proportion of reproductive tillers and a larger leaf area in the upper parts of the canopy at the first harvest, especially at high nitrogen-fertilization. Consequently, timothy shaded meadow fescue during the reproductive stage of growth. After defoliation, regrowth of timothy halted for one to two weeks. Meadow fescue, by contrast, had higher tiller numbers than timothy, a higher number of intact growing points, and resumed shoot-growth rapidly after defoliation. Due to these traits, the competitive abilities of meadow fescue increased each year relative to timothy.     

非土壤基质生产地毯式草皮的成卷研究

本研究选用上海地区工农业生产上的无害废弃物作为基础材料,经科学加工组配成各种非土壤基质生产地毯式草皮卷。研究结果表明,有利成卷的非土壤基质的有机质含量在４０％以上,水解氮、速效磷、速效钾分别在６５０、２３００、９０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ左右,轻质,保水及排水性能均优于土壤,生产相同质量草皮的周期比用传统生产方式缩短１～２个月。     

3 种冷季型草坪草建植的混合草坪比较与评价

【目的】铺装式混合草坪是近年新研发的一种混合草坪,其人造草为编织型,天然草多采用播 种方式建植。比较多年生黑麦草、草地早熟禾和高羊茅在铺装式混合草坪的建植效果,为铺装式混合草坪建植 提供技术参考。【方法】选用运动场草坪常用的多年生黑麦草、草地早熟禾和高羊茅 3 种冷季型草坪草,分别 按 40 g/m2、20 g/m2 和 40 g/m2 播种量在铺装式人造草上建植混合草坪,并对 3 种混合草坪坪用性状及其质量的 综合评价。【结果】3 种冷季型草种均适合建植混合草坪,综合评价结果表现为多年生黑麦草＞高羊茅＞草地 早熟禾,多年生黑麦草建植的混合草坪质量最佳,其混合草成坪时间 14 d,试验结束时天然草密度为 2.77 枝 / cm2、总密度达 4.72 枝 /cm2,天然草盖度和总盖度均为 100%,均一性 6.89 分,植株生物量为 12.57 g,加权分 为 8.04 分。【结论】综合评价结果,认为多年生黑麦草为北方温带地区建植混合草坪的首选草种。     

模拟鸟巢式运动场的热集聚效应及其对草坪生长的影响

通过模拟北京奥运国家体育场的鸟巢式框架结构,并对体育场的热集聚效应及其对场内运动草坪生长所造成的影响进行了研究分析。结果表明:鸟巢式体育场有明显的热集聚效应,在外部气温28℃以下时,场内的热集聚效应相对较小,温度增加幅度为4~5℃;但当外部气温高于35℃时,场内的热集聚效应十分明显,场内温度要比外部高出12~15℃,可达到了45~50℃的极端高温。这种热集聚效应所产生的极端高温严重影响了场内草坪的生长,草坪质量在夏季高温第一次来临时(7月4日)即出现明显的下降,比露地对照草坪的质量下降提早了18d,草坪密度的下降则表现得更为强烈,比露地对照要提早24d,草坪的生长量对热胁迫有一个增长式的响应过程,露地对照草坪的热响应时间有30d,而鸟巢式结构所产生的热集聚效应将草坪生长的热响应时间缩短到了6d,之后其生长出现迅速下降,热集聚效应也加速了草坪叶片中叶绿素含量的下降幅度,其叶绿素含量在整个夏天的处理过程中都要显著低于露地对照,直至8月9日草坪完全死亡。而露地对照草坪虽然在夏天有一个极明显的质量下降过程,但随着秋天凉爽气候的到来,草坪能够逐渐恢复。     

外源水杨酸对盐胁迫高羊茅生长和生理的影响

采用盆栽控盐方法,探究250 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下不同浓度(0.3、0.6、0.9 mmol/L)水杨酸对高羊茅生长和生理特性的影响.结果表明:水杨酸(SA)能提高盐胁迫下高羊茅的相对生长速率,处理15 d时,0.6 mmol/L SA处理的高羊茅相对生长速率分别比不施加SA、施0.3、0.9 mmol/L S...     

Semiarid land rehabilitation by direct drilling in the South Island,New Zealand—plant species and establishment technology

Large areas of the east coast and inland basins of the South Island, New Zealand, are affected by periodic drought and/or semiarid climatic conditions, particularly during cyclic El Niño climatic events. The severity of these environmental conditions places great stress on introduced and native pasture species and frequently results in poor establishment of new pastures using standard drilling techniques. The objective of this study was to determine effective, practical means of rehabilitating semiarid land (about 470 mm annual rainfall) on a site in Central Otago. A comparison of two direct drilling methods, a novel strip‐seeder drill and a standard hoe‐coulter drill, was conducted in a trial initiated during spring 1998. Five drought‐tolerant forage species were established: wheatgrass (Thinopyron intermedium), tall oat grass (Arrhenatherum elatius), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), hairy dorycnium (Dorycnium hirsutum) and bluebush (Kochia prostrata). For the 2000/2001 growing season, species established with the strip‐seeder drill had an overall mean herbage biomass of 235 g m ⁻² , three‐times that for the hoe‐coulter drill (77 g m ⁻² , P < 0·001). Differences in herbage biomass between species were observed, with hairy dorycnium (mean 328 g m ⁻² ) producing significantly (P < 0·001) more herbage biomass than the other species. After the third spring, the percentage ground cover recorded from transects across the strip‐seeder drill plots (cf. the hoe‐coulter drill) was: wheatgrass—41 per cent (10 per cent); tall oat grass—44 per cent (25 per cent); birdsfoot trefoil—25 per cent (5 per cent); hairy dorycnium—50 per cent (19 per cent); and bluebush—4 per cent (0 per cent). The native plant content of the resident vegetation was reduced as a result of the drilling treatments and also when fertilizer was added to undistrubed pasture. The strip‐seeder drill is capable of providing superior plant growth on dryland sites even during adverse drought conditions. It produces a furrow approximately 16 cm wider than the hoe‐coulter drill, exerts a greater shattering effect on the soil structure and places fertilizer at depth. It is suggested that this assists plant establishment by providing good seedling protection from wind and sun, and subsequent plant growth by allowing easier root penetration to the subsoil where nutrients and moisture are available. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新品系“SAC1”的选育和用人工介质生产草皮卷的性能鉴定

于1993 至1998 年间在上海农学院农场和芦潮港农场,通过在夏、秋季节高温、干旱的田间自然逆境条件下选择耐逆性强的单株和单株行,并结合室内种子发芽试验,选择其中发芽生根快的单株行,使之在空间隔离条件下分株混合繁殖, 得到了适合于人工介质生产草皮卷的新品种SAC1 。与国外引进的品种Montauk 和自繁种子的国外引进的品种Duke 相比,SAC1 根系较长,根量较丰富,有利于草皮卷的快速生成。