不同钠盐胁迫对高冰草种子萌发的影响

通过对高冰草种子在不同钠盐(NaCl、NaHCO3、Na2CO3)溶液中萌发情况的研究,旨在探明高冰草种子在不同盐胁迫下的萌发特性。结果表明:碱性盐(NaHCO3、Na2CO3)胁迫较中性盐(NaCl)胁迫显著降低了高冰草的发芽率。高冰草种子在NaCl浓度150mmol/L、NaHCO3浓度100mmol/L和Na2CO3浓度50mmol/L时萌发受到明显抑制。不同钠盐胁迫下高冰草种子胚根和胚芽的受抑制大小顺序为,中性盐NaCl胁迫:胚根<胚芽;碱性盐NaHCO3和Na2CO3胁迫:胚根>胚芽。     

Simulating bimodal tall fescue growth with a degree‐day‐based process‐oriented plant model

Plant growth simulation models have a temperature response function driving development, with a base temperature and an optimum temperature defined. Such models function well when plant development rate shows a continuous change throughout the growing season. This approach becomes more complex as it is extended to cool‐season perennial grasses with a dormant period and bimodal growth curves. The objective of this study was to develop such a bimodal growth model for tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort) in the Midwest USA based on multiyear measurement trials. Functions for bimodal growth were incorporated into the ALMANAC model and applied to tall fescue using published tall fescue yields for a variety of sites and soils. Fields of cultivars “Kentucky 31” and “BarOptima Plus E34” were divided into paddocks and sampled weekly for dry‐matter accumulation. These biomass estimates were used to derive weekly growth values by differences between sequential weekly samplings. The measured values were compared to a single tall fescue simulation each year on one soil. Using these results, the ALMANAC model was modified and tested against mean reported tall fescue yields for 11 sites, with one to three soils per site. When we introduced midsummer dormancy into ALMANAC, we assumed dormancy began on the longest day of the year and lasted until the photoperiod was 0.68 hr shorter than the longest. ALMANAC simulated previously reported tall fescue yields well across the range of sites. Thus, ALMANAC shows great promise to simulate bimodal growth in this common cool‐season grass.     

紫花地丁对2种草坪草的化感潜力初探

采用室内生物测定法研究紫花地丁(Viola yedoensis)水浸提液、腐解液对草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)和高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea) 2种草坪草的化感潜力,以初步探讨其化感作用,为杂草地草坪建坪草种选择提供依据.结果表明:紫花地丁水浸提液对2 种草坪草种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合效应有显著抑制作用,且具有浓度效应;腐解液对草地早熟禾种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合效应有显著抑制作用,而对高羊茅种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合效应表现出“低促高抑”的趋势.以水浸提液对草地早熟禾和高羊茅的抑制作用最明显;紫花地丁对草地早熟禾的化感抑制作用大于对高羊茅的抑制作用.高羊茅比草地早熟禾适合在紫花地丁为主要杂草的土地建坪.     

PEG-6000对高羊茅萌发胁迫效应的研究(英文)

[目的]探讨干旱对高羊茅萌发的胁迫效应。[方法]采用PEG-6000对14个高羊茅品种种子进行模拟干旱胁迫,研究干旱胁迫对高羊茅萌发的胁迫效应。[结果]高羊茅14个品种的相对发芽率均随干旱胁迫的加剧而降低,且在水势为-0.6 Mpa时有明显的转折点;高羊茅种子萌发相对发芽率与干旱胁迫呈线性关系:Y=70.412X+103.11,r=0.988 8,耐旱适宜的水势范围为≥ -0.40 Mpa,半致死水势为-0.76 Mpa,致死水势为-1.33 Mpa。爱瑞3、交战Ⅱ和翠碧A是抗旱性较强的品种;贝克、强劲和爆发力是抗旱性较弱的品种。[结论]为干旱地区牧草栽培和抗旱育种提供了理论依据。     

Root physiological traits and cold hardiness of alfalfa grown alone or mix-sowed with meadow fescue

Cold hardiness is important for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in northeast China. We investigated overwintering for three alfalfa grown alone or mix-sowed with meadow fescue. During the overwinter stage of the year from October 2013 to April 2014, five physiological and biochemical indexes and overwintering rate were investigated under natural conditions. The results showed that no matter either singly sowed or mix-sowed plants, physiological traits such as soluble sugar, soluble protein, and free proline of the alfalfa roots increased as the temperature decreased at the end of autumn, and decreased when the air temperature increased in the spring. The malondialdehyde content and peroxidase activity of all the treatments showed the trend of up–down–up during the whole overwintering stage. Investigation of the overwintering rate and using the membership function method combined with correlation analyses revealed that the order of the cold resistance of the selected alfalfa cultivars was as follows: Gongnong1?+?meadow fescue?>?Gongnong1?>?Wega7F?+?meadow fescue?>?Wega7F?>?WL319HQ?+?meadow fescue?>?WL319HQ. These results indicated that the cold resistance of alfalfa mix-sowed with the meadow fescue was higher than that of alfalfa that was singly sown.     

Survival of plants of common sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) in competition with two companion grass species

A 2-year experiment on competition between sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), meadow fescue ( Festuca pratensis ) and tetraploid perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) was conducted using plants grown in plastic containers outdoors. Root and shoot systems of sainfoin and the grasses were separated in order to investigate full and no competition of root and shoots, at two planting ratios (0·33 grass:0·66 sainfoin and 0·66 grass:0·33 sainfoin). Survival of sainfoin plants was lower at the higher grass:sainfoin ratio. More sainfoin plants died in the winter than during the growing season. Root competition had no effect on survival of sainfoin plants, but shoot competition reduced survival of sainfoin plants during one growing season. Companion grass species had no effect on survival of sainfoin plants, except in the first winter, when fewer sainfoin plants survived when grown with meadow fescue than perennial ryegrass.     

滴头埋设深度对土壤水分运移及草坪草生长的影响

草坪地下滴灌与喷灌相比,具有节水、方便管理等优点。为了掌握滴灌中滴头的适宜埋设深度,通过模拟及实地试验,对地下滴灌土壤水分分布及其对草坪生长的影响进行了观测分析。结果表明:在流量和灌水时间一定的情况下,随着埋深的增加,湿润锋在水平方向的运移距离减小,在垂直方向上增大;相同埋深时,滴头两侧的含水率分布对称。在高羊茅((Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Pixie))生长旺季,不同埋深处理对地上生物量影响显著(P<0.05),埋深20cm显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);不同埋深处理植株密度差异不显著;不同埋设深度对高羊茅根系分布有一定的影响,在每个滴头附近的根系密度和重量明显增加。     

Accumulation of Phosphorus and Arsenic in Two Perennial Grasses for Soil Remediation

Rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides Sw.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were assessed for potential for phytoremediation of arsenic (As) in a soil-based medium amended with phosphorus (P) in a greenhouse experiment. Arsenic was added at 30 mg kg^?1, and P concentrations ranged from 0 to 120 mg kg^?1. Plants were grown for 8 weeks. Rice cutgrass accumulated greater concentration and total amount of As in shoots or roots than fescue. Only the first increment of P fertilization increased As in shoots above that which accumulated without P fertilization. Phosphorus fertilization did not stimulate growth of either species. Most of the As remained in the roots of either species. Plant–soil accumulation ratios suggest that rice cutgrass has more potential in phytoremediation than fescue. Above a minimal amount, P fertilization did not enhance As accumulation in shoots and may not be useful in increasing the potential of either species to remediate soils.     

产ACC脱氨酶植物根际促生菌的筛选及其对修复植物高羊茅生长的影响

以1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)为唯一氮源,从石油污染的土壤中分离得到一株具有ACC脱氨酶活性的菌株D5A.该菌在以ACC为唯一氮源条件下,其ACC脱氨酶比活力为0.084 U/mg.另外,D5A还具有产生吲哚乙酸(IAA)、耐盐以及溶磷的特性.在液体培养条件下该菌株产IAA高达112 mg/L,在90 g/kg盐含量的培养基中仍能够正常生长且具有较强的溶解矿物磷能力.同时该菌对酸碱具有良好的适应性,在初始pH4～10的LB培养基中生长良好.种子发芽试验表明在3 g/kg和6 g/kg浓度NaC1的逆境条件下,该菌株能显著提高高羊茅种子的发芽率和芽长.最后,通过对其进行生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析,该菌株初步鉴定为克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiellasp.).     

Effects of exposure to below-freezing temperatures, soil moisture content and nitrogen application on phyllochron in cool-season grasses

Accumulated temperature may provide an indicator of the phenology of cool‐season grass to assist in the timing of management operations but its value is highly dependent on a reliable measure of phyllochron, i.e. time between the elongation of successive leaves. Field and controlled environment studies with Italian ryegrass (IRG, Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and tall fescue (TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) measured leaf‐appearance responses to accumulated temperature with varying conditions of exposure to low temperatures, soil moisture content and nitrogen application. In a controlled environment, soil volumetric water contents below 20% (equivalent to moisture potentials greater than ?0·1 MPa) or more frequent exposure to below‐freezing air temperatures increased the phyllochron values on the main tiller of IRG and TF. There was no evidence of an interaction between soil moisture content and cold exposure on phyllochron values. Nitrogen application resulted in only small reduction in phyllochron values. In field studies over 4 years the phyllochron values in IRG during the months of January to March were 184, 180, 180 and 167 accumulated °C above 0°C leaf^?1, more than double the mean value measured in a controlled environment. A greater understanding of the impact of variable low temperatures and of soil moisture potential on the phyllochron is necessary before accumulated temperature can be used to indicate changes in development stages in grasses in different environments.