减量施肥对冬小麦休闲期农田杂草物种多样性及生态化学计量特征的影响

【目的】分析减量施肥对冬小麦休闲期农田杂草物种多样性及生态化学计量特征的影响,旨在为化肥农药“双减”政策产生的生态环境效应科学评价提供参考。【方法】以陕西杨凌曹新庄试验地冬小麦肥料试验为基础,设置不施肥（CK）、减量施肥（氮（N）、磷(P₂O₅)用量分别为165和122 kg/hm²）和常规施肥（N、P₂O₅用量分别为220和160 kg/hm²）3个处理,测定不同处理小麦产量及夏季休闲期农田杂草的生物量、株高、盖度、多度、频度、丰富度,以及藜、狗尾草和马唐的有机碳、全氮、全磷含量,计算植物多样性指标及生态化学计量比（C/N、C/P、N/P）,研究减量施肥对农田杂草物种多样性及生态化学计量特征的影响。【结果】与对照相比,减量施肥和常规施肥处理均对冬小麦休闲期农田杂草的生物量、株高、盖度、多度、频度有明显影响,冬小麦籽粒产量和杂草生物量增加;施肥处理藜和地锦草的株高和生物量均显著增加,其他农田杂草的株高和生物量总体降低。与对照相比,施肥处理苋的有机碳含量以及藜、狗尾草、马唐和葎草的全氮含量均显著增加,藜、马唐全磷含量显著降低。相较于常规施肥,减量施肥处理狗尾草全磷含量显著降低。与对照相比,减量施肥和常规施肥处理藜、狗尾草和马唐氮磷比和碳磷比总体显著增加,碳氮比显著降低。相对于常规施肥处理,减量施肥处理缓解了藜和马唐氮磷比的增加幅度。与对照相比,施肥处理的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均显著降低;与减量施肥处理相比,常规施肥处理Pielou均匀度指数与丰富度显著降低。植物β多样性指数表明,常规施肥对小区植物多样性的影响最大。【结论】减量施肥和常规施肥处理冬小麦休闲期农田杂草的物种多样性均明显降低,但减量施肥处理缓解了常规施肥对农田杂草生物多样性和生态化学计量特征的影响。     

基于GF-6/WFV卫星遥感的大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量估测

为对大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量（LNC）进行快速、准确及无损监测,通过在江苏省泰州泰兴市、盐城大丰区和南通如皋市布设冬小麦遥感监测大田试验,在获取试验样点冬小麦冠层红光波段反射率（RED_ref）、近红外波段反射率（NIR_ref）和计算的十个光谱指数（RVI、NDVI、DVI、SAVI、OSAVI、MSR、RDVI、EVI2、NLI和SVI）基础上,将12个遥感光谱指标与冬小麦LNC进行相关分析,选出与LNC相关性较好的作为模型输入变量,构建基于BP神经网络的冬小麦LNC估测模型, 并利用GF-6/WFV卫星遥感影像对县域冬小麦LNC的空间分布开展监测。结果表明,12个遥感光谱指标与冬小麦LNC之间存在不同程度的相关性,其中NDVI、RVI、MSR、OSAVI和NLI与冬小麦LNC的相关性较好（相关系数不低于0.65）。将优选的5个遥感光谱指标作为模型输入变量,构建基于BP神经网络的冬小麦LNC估测模型（LNC-BPEM）,模型的估测精度r²=0.866,RMSE=0.246%,ARE=12.9%。将冬小麦LNC-BPEM估测模型和GF-6/WFV影像结合对县域冬小麦LNC的空间信息监测,获得了如皋县域冬小麦LNC的空间分布特征,该区域冬小麦LNC范围在0.9%~2.0%（长势正常）的种植面积为29 693.3 hm²,占冬小麦总种植面积的74%。这说明利用GF-6/WFV卫星的多个遥感光谱指标与神经网络结合建模可有效估测县域大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量。     

小麦新品种银春10号综合评价及应用前景

银春10号是白银市农业科学研究所通过种子卫星搭载,经太空诱变,多年选育而成的春小麦新品种,于2017年通过甘肃省农作物品种审定,2021年通过国家农作物品种审定。银春10号株型紧凑,穗层整齐,具有高产稳产,适应性广,产量构成三要素协调等特点,适宜在西北水地春麦区种植,有较广阔的推广应用前景。     

不同药剂、不同药械防除小麦田杂草田间药效对比试验

作者简介:张祥,男,1977年生,安徽六安人,高级农艺师,本科学历,从事种子农药管理和农业执法工作,邮箱:14025035@qq.com。     

地中膜冬小麦田的水分平衡和节水效益

地中膜技术是在地下不适当深度铺上同强度、耐久性强的聚氯乙烯薄膜,再将土回填。审较为经济的、易于在沙漠地区大面积推广的新型农业技术。试验表明,在传统栽培措施下,利用地事膜种植的冬小麦与对照区冬小麦的相比;产量提高７３．３％,每年增加收益国２６５５．０２＄／ｈｍ＾２,水分利用效率提高８１．３％。     

山东省推广小麦品种面团品质性状及聚类分析

对山东省近年推广种植的24个小麦品种的面团品质性状,包括粉质仪参数和泊尔辛克值等,进行了系统测定和聚类分析。为山东省有计划地进行小麦品质改良提供信息和依据。     

Inheritance of leaf angle in Triticum aestivum L.

Summary A 6×6 diallel was prepared to study the inheritance of leaf angle in T. aestivum L. Genetic analysis in terms of diallel cross parameters and graphic analysis indicated the control of additive gene effects in the expression of this character. The results of F₁ analysis were supported by the analysis of F₂ data.     

Chemically induced sterility in wheat for hybrid seed production

Summary The gametocidal effects of RH-531, RH-532, and RH-2956 were studied with three rates and times of foliar application on two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, Anza and Yecora 70. RH-531 and RH-532 applied at or before booting stage caused rather large reduction in plant height while RH-2956 had a small effect on height. Application of any of the three chemicals on Anza at meiotic stages reduced self-pollination (SP) fertility by 97–99%. If 90% SP fertility reduction is acceptable, the application time could vary from premeiosis to postmeiosis for Anza. Yecora 70 was less sensitive than Anza to gametocide treatments. The lowest SP fertility obtained in Yecora 70 with RH-531, RH-532, and RH-2956 was by treatment at booting (4 kg/ha), at premeiosis (2 kg/ha), and heading (8 kg/ha), and the corresponding SP fertility reductions were 74, 89, and 71%. Pollen stainability-determined by aceto-carmine, IKI, and Alexander's stains-was not affected by gametocide treatment and was not useful in evaluating sterility induced by these chemicals. For the RH-531-treated Anza and Yecora 70 and the RH-532-treated Anza, more than 94% of the seeds produced by open-pollination on treated plants were from self-or sib-pollination as determined by progeny testing. However, RH-532-treated Yecora 70 and RH-2956-treated Anza and Yecora 70 did result in more crossed seeds, with a maximum of 20% outcrossing. It was believed that spike compactness induced by the chemicals and the related poor flower opening were the major limitations for outcrossing. Artificial pollinations made to the test varieties showed that RH-531 induced both male and female sterility and was undesirable for practical use. RH-532, however, could be applied at the booting stage to avoid severe female sterility, and RH-2956 clearly was the best of the three chemicals, with the female fertility very close to those of the untreated checks of both Anza and Yecora 70. Of the three chemicals, RH-2956 gave the highest percentage of hybrid plants in the progeny of hand-or open-pollinated spikes. Its practical use for hybrid seed production, however, will depend largely on improvement of methods to increase cross pollination in wheat.     

Seedling emergence,coleoptile length,and plant height relationships in crosses of dwarf and standard-height wheats

Summary Seedling emergence was closely correlated with coleoptile length and plant height among parents, F₂ and F₃, populations of crosses involving dwarf wheats Olesen Dwarf (CI 14497), Norin 10 derivative D6301, Tom Thumb derivative D6899, and the standard-height varieties Ramona 50 and Nainari 60. Genetic mechanisms that governed plant height also influenced coleoptile length, but the relative effects of genes showing dominant or epistatic effects appeared to be different. With respect to the two parents involved in each of 15 crosses, mean F₂ coleoptile lengths were consistently closer to the low parent value than were corresponding mean F₂ plant heights. A slight curvilinear relationship was also found between coleoptile length and plant height of F₃ lines. The results suggest that selection of semidwarf wheats with long coleoptiles and improved emergence properties from crosses involving the dwarf wheats of this study would be unlikely.     

Hybrid grass-clump dwarfness in wheat: Physiology and genetics

Summary The growth of all grass-clump dwarfs is sensitive to temperature with low temperature giving rise to the grass-clump phenotype and high temperature producing normal phenotype. A continuous temperature of 26°C is required for normal growth of Type 1 dwarfs, a continuous temperature of 21°C is required for normal growth of Ty[e 2 dwarfs and a continuous temperature of 16°C is required for normal growth of Type 3 dwarfs.Genetic studies show that the inheritance of the grass-clump characteristic is due to three complementary dominant genes.The grass-clump growth habit is produced as a result of the temperature sensitivity of the apical meristem. In grass-clump plants low temperature treatment results in the cessation of cell division, DNA synthesis and phospholipid synthesis in the apical meristem. The primary temperature lesion has not been identified. Prolonged low temperature treatment of grass-clump plants results in extensive cell necrosis in a region just below the apical meristem; this cell death results in the permanent inactivation of the apical meristem.Supported in part by the National Research Council of Canada.