Synergistic effects of Miconazole and Polymyxin B on microbial pathogens

The therapeutic value of antibiotics depends on the susceptibility of the infecting microorganism and the pharmacological profile of the drugs. To assess the value of an antibiotic combination of polymyxin B and miconazole this study examined the in vitro synergistic potential of the two drugs on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. Antifungal and antibacterial activity was tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of broth macrodilution and urea broth microdilution, by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Synergism was calculated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi). With Staphylococcus intermedius as target we found up to an eightfold reduction of the individual MICs when both drugs were combined. However, the FICi was 0.63 suggesting no real interaction between the two drugs. With Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Malassezia pachydermatis as targets the antimicrobial drug combination reduced the MICs of polymyxin B and miconazole from fourfold to hundredfold resulting in FICi between 0.06 and 0.5 which defines a synergistic action. Thus, if polymyxin B and miconazole are combined their effect is greater than the sum of the effects observed with polymyxin B and miconazole independently, revealing bactericidal and fungicidal synergism. Our results indicate a strong therapeutic value for the combination of these antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast and a weaker value against Gram positive bacteria for clinical situations where these pathogens are involved.     

百合灰霉病高效杀菌剂的筛选和联合作用研究

在室内采用菌丝生长速率抑制法测定了6种杀菌剂对百合灰霉病菌的毒力。结果表明:1)异菌脲,百菌清,多菌灵,苯霜灵,已唑醇,腈菌唑6种原药对百合灰霉病菌的EC50值分别为130.7528、1.2479、3.9247、34.524 0、7.9625和10.1775 mg/L。其中,百菌清的毒力最高,其EC50为1.2479 mg/L,多菌灵次之,其EC50为3.924 7 mg/L,异菌脲的毒力最低,其EC50为130.7528 mg/L。2)不同配比的的腈菌唑和异菌脲混剂均对百合灰霉病菌有抑菌活力,但不同配比,对百合灰霉病菌的抑制率不同,当m(腈菌唑)与m(异菌脲)的配比为2∶8时,菌丝的菌落直径最小,抑菌效果最佳,为最佳配比。3)测定异菌脲和腈菌唑混剂对百合灰霉病菌的毒力回归,并计算EC50,以异菌脲为标准杀菌剂,计算各复配剂的共毒系数,m(异菌脲)和m(腈菌唑)以2∶8的配比混配,其共毒系数为130大于100,具有明显的增效作用。     

离子溅射银对光电协同灭青霉菌的影响

为解决果蔬采后易受微生物作用而腐败变质的问题,该文进行了纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2)光催化技术灭活园艺产品冷藏环境中青霉菌的研究:以活性炭纤维(activated carbon fiber,ACF)为载体,以粉末浸渍-提拉法制备TiO_2-ACF薄膜,采用离子溅射法在ACF薄膜上作贵重金属银沉积处理,研究表面溅射与底层溅射纳米Ag粒子及施以外加电压处理对TiO_2-ACF薄膜光催化灭活青霉菌的影响及机理。结果显示,不同的溅射方式对试验结果有不同的影响,其中底层溅射效果较好,120 s时光催化灭活青霉菌速率最高;外加电压可提高TiO_2-ACF薄膜光催化速率,75 V是最优值,且光电催化作用效果优于单独光催化和电催化的总和。对负载的ACF薄膜表征分析,发现离子溅射较均匀地实现了纳米Ag-TiO_2混合粒子在ACF薄膜的表面及内部负载。研究结果为纳米TiO_2光催化技术在灭活园艺产品冷藏环境中青霉菌的实际应用提供参考。     

Ultrastructural aspects of tomato leaves infected by Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) and co‐infected by other viruses

Optical and electron microscopy studies were carried out to investigate the cytopathology induced in tomato leaves infected by Tomato torrado virus (ToTV), a new picorna‐like virus associated with the ‘Torrado’ disease. Infected leaves, showing typical Torrado disease symptoms were surveyed in commercial greenhouses in the main tomato production areas of Spain. The effect of the co‐infection of ToTV with other viruses which commonly infect tomato crops was also studied. Ultra‐thin sections of ToTV‐infected tomato leaves did not show a strong cellular alteration. However, crystalline arrays of isometric virus‐like particles (VLPs) of 20–30 nm in the inclusion bodies were observed in phloem parenchyma cells of the infected tissues. Tissues co‐infected by ToTV and either Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) or Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) presented more severe cellular alterations. The most deleterious consequences for tomato cells were found in triple infections of ToTV, PepMV and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), where characteristic cell wall overgrowth was distinguishable, together with a large amount of necrotic cells.     

内生菌螺旋毛壳抗生素和水解酶的协同抗真菌作用

 生防因子螺旋毛壳(Chaetomium spirale) ND35生长于含立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)菌丝细胞壁制备物的SM培养基中,从培养滤液提取的粗酶液强烈抑制Valsa sordida、Valsa mali、Glomerella cingulata和Curvulavia lunata病原真菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发。经DNS法检测,粗酶液同时具有β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(包括内切和外切酶)和几丁质酶活性,分别为0.19 U.mg-1和0.09 U.mg-1。生长于3%玉米粉浸渍液的螺旋毛壳ND35的培养滤液也能抑制上述病原菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发。离体条件下检测了ND35产生的一纯化的具有分子量为73 kD的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GLUC73)和一纯化的抗生素对苹果炭疽病菌的分生孢子萌发和芽管延长的抑制效果。当内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶使用浓度为180 μg·mL^-1时,抑制了测试真菌的孢子萌发,造成细胞壁的改变,导致了菌丝顶端的破裂;抗生素的有效抑菌中浓度ED₅₀为1.75 μg·mL^-1。单独应用时,1.0 μg·mL^-1的抗生素或40 μg·mL^-1的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶没有或仅有很低的抑菌效果;两者组合导致孢子萌发约78%受抑制。甚至10 μg·mL^-1的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶也使1.5 μg·mL^-1抗生素的抑菌作用从低于25%增加到超过50%的抑菌效果。此外,80 μg·mL^-1的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶使1.0 μg·mL^-1抗生素的抑菌活性从0%提高到90%。抗生素和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的协同抗菌活性可能在内生菌螺旋毛壳的植病生防中起重要作用。     

Interactions of fungicide-herbicide combinations against plant pathogens and weeds

The fungicide cyproconazole and four herbicides, DNOC, dicamba, ioxynil and bromoxynil, were tested singly and in mixtures against Rhizoctonia cerealis (in vitro and on wheat) and against Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (in vitro, as well as against two weeds, Avena fatua and Sinapis alba. Cyproconazole showed very strong fungicidal acitivity against both fungi. DNOC was inhibitory to the fungi in vitro but had little effect on the disease; dicamba had low activity against the fungi in vitro but prevented the disease on wheat. Ioxynol and bromoxynil were moderately fungitoxic both in vitro and against the disease. Cyproconazole-herbicide mixtures were synergistic in their action against both fungi in vitro and against the disease. The level of synergism depended on the relative proportion of fungicide and herbicide components in the mixtures. Mixtures of herbicides with cyproconazole against weeds were at best additive in their activity.     

Interaction of mineral and cytokinin supply in control of leaf senescence and seed growth in soybean explants

Abstract

The leaves of intact soybean plants (Glycine max. L. Merrill) characteristically turn yellow and abscise during pod maturation, and this may limit seed growth. We have used soybean expiants (excised 10 cm stem sections with a leaf and midfill pod attached) to study interactive effects of nutrient and hormone supply on leaf senescence symptoms and seed yield. Whereas mineral nutrients or cytokinin (zeatin) alone delayed development of visible leaf senescence symptoms in explants, a combination of mineral nutrients with zeatin acted synergistically to maintain green coloration throughout pod maturation and reduced declines in levels of leafsoluble protein and chlorophyll. The combination of complete mineral nutrients with zeatin gave seed yields equivalent to those in intact plants. Withdrawal of zeatin or individual mineral nutrients (particularly N and S) from the nutrient solution enhanced leaf senescence symptoms and reduced seed yields.     

霜脲氰和代森锰锌对马铃薯晚疫病菌的离体活性及混合增效作用

测定霜脲氰、代森锰锌对马铃薯晚疫病菌不同生长发育阶段的毒力,发现霜脲氰抑制马铃薯晚疫病菌菌丝生长的活性明显高于代森锰锌,抑制孢子囊和游动孢子萌发及孢子囊释放游动孢子的活性明显低于代森锰锌;两药抑制游动孢子游动的活性很低。以1∶7、1∶8混配对游动孢子萌发及菌丝生长的抑制表现增效,以1∶1~1∶10混配对抑制孢子囊萌发的增效系数为1.55~5.39,其中1∶5的增效系数高达5.39。