白鲜碱体外抗白色念珠菌活性研究

白色念珠菌等真菌是能够引起人类及动物患病的重要致病菌。本实验测定了白鲜碱对临床22株临床分离氟康唑耐药白色念珠菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC），采用棋盘式微量稀释实验测定了两药联合应药的分级抑制浓度指数（ractional inhibitory concentration index，FICI）值。结果表明，白鲜碱有较好的抗白色念珠菌活性且与氟康唑有协同作用。     

甲氰胺混配乳油对柑桔全爪螨的药效试验及联合毒力测定

由甲氰菊酯（灭扫利）和水胺硫磷复配而成的22％甲氰胺混配乳油，其稀释3000～4000倍液，对柑桔全爪螨（Panonychuscitri）有良好的防治效果，室内药效达99．38％～100％。田间药效为94．70％～100％。室内毒力测定结果，甲氰胺混配乳油的LC50为21．02mg／L，灭扫利的为28.75mg／L，水胺硫磷的为153.62mg／L，甲氰胺的毒力显著高于两种单体；共毒系数达205.79，表现出显著的增效作用。     

Synergistic interaction of physcion and chrysophanol on plant powdery mildew

The extract of the plant Rheum officinale Baill, mainly containing the anthraquinones physcion and chrysophanol, is highly active against plant powdery mildew. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse to determine the interaction of the two compounds on cucumber powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht.) Poll] and on wheat powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer f. sp. tritici Marchal]. Physcion was much more bioactive than chrysophanol against these powdery mildews. There was a significant synergistic interaction between the two compounds on the diseases when the ratios of physcion to chrysophanol ranged from 1:9 to 5:5. The synergistic degree increased with increase in the chrysophanol proportion in the combination. The findings indicate that, in order to ensure constant efficacy of the extract on the disease, both the contents and the proportion of the main active ingredients physcion and chrysophanol have to be determined.     

Bt星光4号虫体连续传代及增效作用的研究

为了保持和提高星光4号菌株的优良特性,在5～6龄的马尾松毛虫上进行连续接种传代试验。结果表明:不同虫体及不同传代数的分离物之间的毒力差异明显,其中第九代分离物较之原始菌株毒力提高了19.6％。因而,生产上的复壮所采用的菌株代数,必须经过严格的毒力测定后才能确定。该菌株与某些农药混合使用有增效作用,其中与溴氰菊酯混合使用经共毒系数分析,毒力增加了1.81倍。     

Genomic and biological diversity of the African cassava geminiviruses

The virological situation of cassava in Africa is increasing in complexity due to the number and types of viruses isolated from different locations within the continent. Here, we report the complete nucleotide sequences of both A and B components of two geminivirus species infecting cassava in the Ivory Coast and review the current knowledge of the molecular and biological diversity of the African cassava geminiviruses. As a whole, newly obtained sequences are compared with those of the African cassava mosaic geminiviruses identified to date. Results indicate that all isolates of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), irrespective of their geographical origin are clustered together with little or no variation in their genomic sequence. On the contrary, the genomes of the East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) are more genetically diverse due to the frequent occurrence of recombinations within their two components. Indeed, the EACMV-like viruses vary so much that their classification is becoming problematic. In addition, there is also a large range of phenotypic symptom variation for each of these virus species, irrespective of the location of isolation. Furthermore, it has been shown that ACMV and EACMV can be synergistic in cassava, resulting in a greater DNA accumulation and consequently inducing severe symptoms. For all these reasons, this paper initiates a discussion concerning the species demarcation for cassava geminivirus. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

速灭杀丁与辛硫磷混用防治荔枝蝽蟓的增效作用

试验证明,速灭杀丁与辛硫磷混用,对半翅目荔枝蝽蟓的防治有较好的增效作用,其中以速灭杀丁:辛硫磷=1:9混配,可增效10倍以上。这对降低防治成本,扩大防治范围,延缓害虫抗药性的产生具有重要意义。     

Interactions of fungicide-insecticide combinations against Rhizoctonia solani in vitro and in soil

The inhibition of mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani in vitro was strongest with pencycuron, followed by tolclofos-methyl, carboxin and thiabendazole. Against cowpea seedling rot in soil infested with R. solani, tolclofos-methyl was most effective, followed by pencycuron, thiabendazole and carboxin. Of nine insecticides tested, only parathion-methyl and quinalphos suppressed mycelial growth of R. solani in vitro, although their activity was much lower than that of the four tested fungicides. The inhibition of mycelial growth by fungicide-insecticide mixtures was antagonistic in only two out of 36 combinations; it was additive in most cases or synergistic, e.g. for most mixtures of pencycuron and insecticides. Quinalphos, applied to the soil, was the only insecticide which reduced cowpea seedling rot in soil infested with R. solani. Soil application of parathion-methyl, phorate, aldicarb or carbofuran and seed treatment with phosphamidon, monocrotophos, endosulfan or dimethoate had little or no effect on seedling rot. Carboxin gave better disease control when applied to the seed already coated with phosphamidon, monocrotophos, endosulfan or dimethoate and when carboxin-treated seeds were sown in soil treated with quinalphos, parathion-methyl, aldicarb or carbofuran. Efficacy of thiabendazole seed treatment was slightly higher in the presence of insecticides, particularly dimethoate. Pencycuron and tolclofos-methyl as seed treatment gave nearly 100% disease control both in the presence and absence of insecticides. The synergistic interactions detected between fungicides and insecticides represent interesting opportunities for the control of R. solani.     

Synergism of insecticides provides evidence of metabolic mechanisms of resistance in the obliquebanded leafroller Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The interactions between six insecticides (indoxacarb, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, azinphosmethyl, tebufenozide and chlorfenapyr) and three potential synergists, (piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl maleate (DEM)) were studied by dietary exposure in a multi-resistant and a susceptible strain of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). The synergists did not produce appreciable synergism with most of the insecticides in the susceptible strain. Except for tebufenozide, PBO synergized all the insecticides to varying degrees in the resistant strain. A very high level of synergism by PBO was found with indoxacarb, which reduced the resistance level from 705- to 20-fold when PBO was administered alone and to around 10-fold when used in combination with DEF. DEF also synergized indoxacarb, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, azinphosmethyl and tebufenozide in the resistant strain. DEM produced synergism of indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr in the resistant strain. DEM was highly synergistic to cypermethrin, and to some extent to tebufenozide in both the susceptible and resistant strains equally, implying that detoxification by glutathione S-transferases was not a mechanism of resistance for these insecticides. The high level of synergism seen with DEM in the case of cypermethrin may be due to an increase in oxidative stress resulting from the removal of the antioxidant, glutathione. These studies indicate that enhanced detoxification, often mediated by cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, but with probable esterase and glutathione S-transferase contributions in some cases, is the major mechanism imparting resistance to different insecticides in C. rosaceana.     

7种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对啶虫脒在防治烟粉虱的增效作用评价

采用温室盆栽法研究了7种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对啶虫脒在防治烟粉虱的增效作用,为阳离子助剂在杀虫剂领域的开发利用提供一定的依据。结果表明：季铵盐阳离子1227、12143、31506与啶虫脒混用,在高浓度（200mg/L）处理下增效作用明显;1427、31551、31527与啶虫脒混用可延长其持效期;31503无增效作用。     

纤维素降解菌协同效应与粗酶液影响因素

高效微生物菌系和适宜反应条件是纤维素生物转化的关键。试验以前期分离获得的纤维素降解菌为基础,研究了降解菌之间的协同效应和粗酶液性质。结果表明,降解菌之间存在协同效应,其中X2与X5混合培养产酶能力达到了0.66 U.mL-1,比单一降解菌酶活力提高了将近1倍;其粗酶液最适反应温度和pH值为25℃和5.0;金属离子络合剂EDTA对酶活力的抑制效果较为明显;Ca2+和Mn2+是粗酶液的激活剂,在研究浓度范围内能够显著提升酶活力。研究结果为纤维素的生物转化提供了重要种质资源和技术参数。