Anatomical location of arterial and venous lines significantly affects motor performance in rats

Several motor‐function scales have been developed to assess neurological function in animal models of stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage and closed head injury. We hypothesize that the location of arterial and venous catheters, even in the absence of brain injury, may impact rats' motor performance. Our study examined the effect of catheter location, rate of infection and the time required for catheter placement. We further describe an original technique of tail artery cannulation without exposure of the artery. Sixty‐one rats were anesthetized and randomly assigned to one of seven groups, including no catheter, tail artery or artery + vein catheters, or femoral artery or artery + vein catheters. A neurological severity score (NSS) was determined at 1 h, 24 h and 48 h after surgical preparation or catheter placement. NSS at 1 h after placement of unilateral and bilateral femoral catheters was higher than the NSS observed at 1 h after placement of tail arterial and venous catheters (P < 0.01). The NSS also was higher at 24 h in the bilateral femoral catheter groups as compared with the tail catheter groups (P < 0.05). There were no differences in the NSS observed between the groups that had tail catheters and the sham group at 1 h, 24 h or 48 h. Infection rate at the site of catheter placement and the time required for catheter placement was also higher in the femoral catheter groups (P < 0.001). Thus, we propose that the line location may bias a study's results and lead to deceptive interpretations of neurological assessment following rat head injury. Compared to femoral vessels, tail blood vessels are preferable locations for lines placement.     

Risk of anaesthetic mortality in dogs and cats: an observational cohort study of 3546 cases

Objective To evaluate the anaesthetic death risk for dogs and cats in a French private practice. Study design Observational cohort study. Animal population All small animals anesthetized at the Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire des Cordeliers between April 15th, 2008 and April 15th, 2010. Methods General anaesthesia was defined as a drug‐induced unconsciousness characterised by a controlled and reversible depression of the central nervous system and analgesia, sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation. Patient outcome (alive or dead) was assessed at the end of anaesthesia defined as the meeting point of the return of consciousness, rectal temperature >36 °C and ability to maintain sternal recumbency. Death occurring during anaesthesia was recorded. Relationship between anaesthetic death and ASA status, species, age, nature of the procedure, anaesthetic protocol and occurrence of epidural administration of a combination of morphine and bupivacaine were analysed. Results During the study period 3546 animals underwent general anaesthesia. The overall death rate in the present study was 1.35% (48 in 3546, 95% CI 0.96–1.75). The death rate of healthy animals (ASA 1 and 2) was 0.12% (3 in 2602 95% CI 0.02–0.34). For sick animals (ASA status 3 and over), the overall death rate was 4.77% (45 in 944 95% CI 3.36–6.18). The death rates in the ASA 3, 4 and 5 categories were 2.90%, 7.58% and 17.33%, respectively. The main factor associated with increased odds of anaesthetic death in ASA categories 3 and over was poor health status (ASA physical status classification). The nature of the procedure the patient underwent and epidural administration of a combination of morphine and bupivacaine were not correlated with the occurrence of death during anaesthesia. Neither species nor age effects were detected. Conclusion and clinical relevance Specific factors were associated with increased odds of anaesthetic death, especially poor health status. Efforts must be directed towards thorough preoperative patient evaluation and improvement of clinical conditions if possible. Identification of risk factors before anaesthesia should lead to increased surveillance by trained staff. This could result in better outcomes.     

中草药饲料添加剂在甘肃省平凉市畜牧业发展中的应用前景

通过对甘肃省平凉市畜牧业发展的现状、存在问题、中草药饲料添加剂发展历史和优势、发展中草药饲料添加剂的前景4个方面的阐述,旨在让平凉市的动物养殖人员更加了解中草药这种纯天然的饲料添加剂,并将其应用于生产实践中,为平凉市的畜牧业健康发展提供绿色饲料产品。     

新形势下动物卫生监督工作如何在食品安全工作中发挥作用

概述了动物卫生监督工作在食品卫生安全中的作用与意义,并根据自身工作中的经验分析了目前基层动物卫生监督工作在保障食品安全中所面临的困难,同时提出了相应的发展对策。     

环介导等温扩增技术在动物传染病诊断中的应用进展

环介导等温扩增技术是一门新兴的分子生物学检测技术,已广泛用于各种微生物的检测。通过对环介导等温扩增技术的原理、引物设计遵循原则、操作程序简要说明,对近年来环介导等温扩增技术在细菌、RNA病毒、DNA病毒引起的动物传染病中研究和具体应用进展做了重点综述,并对其研究应用前景进行了展望,为该技术广泛应用于动物传染病的诊断提高参考。     

Seawater transmission and infection dynamics of pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

The Tasmanian salmon industry had remained relatively free of major viral diseases until the emergence of pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV). Originally isolated from wild pilchards, POMV is of concern to the industry as it can cause high mortality in farmed salmon (Salmo salar). Field observations suggest the virus can spread from pen to pen and between farms, but evidence of passive transmission in sea water was unclear. Our aim was to establish whether direct contact between infected and naïve fish was required for transmission, and to examine viral infection dynamics. Atlantic salmon post‐smolts were challenged with POMV by either direct exposure via cohabitation or indirect exposure via virus‐contaminated sea water. POMV was transmissible in sea water and direct contact between fish was not required for infection. Head kidney and heart presented the highest viral loads in early stages of infection. POMV survivors presented low viral loads in most tissues, but these remained relatively high in gills. A consistent feature was the infiltration of viral‐infected melanomacrophages in different tissues, suggesting an important role of these in the immune response to POMV. Understanding POMV transmission and host–pathogen interactions is key for the development of improved surveillance tools, transmission models and ultimately for disease prevention.     

昭通市发展草食畜牧业的优势与对策

发展草食畜牧业是建立生态农业系统的一项重要任务,是优化畜牧产业结构、稳定增加农民收入、提高畜牧业效益的重要途径。草地是发展草食畜的战略资源,昭通市具有丰富的草地资源,具备发展草食畜牧业的多种优势;在坚持以市场为导向的前提下,提出了改良草地、退耕还草、建立高质量的人工草地、因地制宜、进行合理化布局、品种改良的种养结构调整、转变传统的饲养方式、积极开发畜产品市场、逐步完善畜牧体系、加强政府领导、加大投入、促进草食牲畜大发展等方面的对策。     

草地资源流转对高寒畜牧业影响的初探——以甘肃省天祝藏族自治县抓喜秀龙乡南泥沟村为例

中共中央十七届三中全会提出了农村土地合理流转问题,为草地畜牧业发展提供了新的发展思路和空间。根据天祝藏族自治县抓喜秀龙乡南泥沟村的草地资源流转现状,分析了草地资源流转的意义和形式,并提出了一些建议。南泥沟村主要存在草地租赁、转包、转让、联户经营、代牧和草地互换等草地流转形式,但由于牧民素质、自然环境和政策方面的原因,使得该地区草地资源流转发展缓慢。针对当地现状,分别从建立生态补偿机制、拓宽就业渠道、加快良种化进程和兽医服务体系建设、建立牧区困难户保障体系、扶持草业龙头企业等方面提出了建议。     

兽药内服制剂的微生物污染对食品动物健康及兽药临床

为考察兽药中实际存在的微生物对动物健康的影响,对山东省兽药GMP企业生产的粉散剂、颗粒剂产品的微生物污染状况进行抽样调查检测,发现不同的内服给药制剂,其微生物污染水平结果差异显著。在此基础上选择微生物限度严重超标的中药散剂,从中分离细菌、霉菌,拟定不同菌量的污染水平对健康鸡进行饲喂试验。结果表明：试验期间各用菌组试验鸡的精神状况、饮水和采食均未发现异常,试验结束后剖检各用菌液组及空白对照组鸡的心、肝、肾、肠道等,均未发现异常,各组鸡均未出现发病与死亡情况,且各组间增重无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。为进一步考察兽药被微生物污染后对临床疗效的影响,选用微生物限度严重超标的中药散剂鸡康灵微粉,开展对鸡慢性呼吸道病治疗试验,将自然感染鸡随机分为两组,每组1600只,一组鸡服用微生物限度超标的鸡康灵微粉,另一组服用辐射灭菌后的鸡康灵微粉。结果表明：两组治愈率均达90％以上,经x。检验,无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,产蛋率均恢复到90％以上。由上述试验可见,兽药不同内服制剂的微生物污染差异显著,且不同的微生物污染水平对动物健康及兽药临床疗效无显著影响,其相关性有待进一步研究。