Making a living on Flores,Indonesia: Why understanding surplus distribution is crucial to economic development

Donors and aid agencies are now looking to strategies of pro‐poor economic growth to raise living standards in developing countries. I critically examine how particular conceptualisations of economy and economic development shape the broader context within which pro‐poor growth approaches are implemented by governments and development agencies. While pro‐poor growth may expand a national economy, surplus will be distributed in a community and among individuals according to culturally specific logics. To exemplify this point I discuss the community economy of Bomolo on the remote, rural island of Flores, Indonesia. The Ngadha people of Bomolo are identified by the Indonesian state, religious organisations and development agencies as lacking and in need of economic development. Yet in Bomolo, gambling, although illegal and antithetical to development, is fantastically popular, and large amounts of cash surplus are spent on this popular pastime. I argue for more attention to the issue of surplus – the outcome of pro‐poor growth. In particular, I propose that surplus distribution is a crucial yet underdeveloped component of the growth equation.     

科技发展与我国农村剩余劳动力转移

科技发展引起主导产业更替。由于发展的不平衡、追求利润最大化以及产业升级换代的需要,成熟的产业总是习惯于由所在国或地区向相对落后的国家或地区转移。信息技术的发展又加剧了这一转移。我国农村大量富余劳动力需要通过技术培训、提高素质来适应这一转移,从而实现我国农村大量富余劳动力的顺利转移。     

Estimated nitrogen use efficiency,surplus, and partitioning in young apple trees grown in varied organic production systems

A certified organic apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard was established to study the interaction of ground cover management systems (GMS) and nutrient sources (NS) on nitrogen (N) use efficiency and N surplus in the Southern U.S. for three years. Trees treated with green compost (GC) and wood chips (WC), regardless of the NS, had greater N accumulation and leaf N use efficiency compared to the shredded paper or mow-and-blow treated trees. The WC-treated trees had comparably low N surplus relative to the GC trees that induced more [NO₃⁻] in soil or soil solution in the rooting zone in September in year 3. GC trees had the highest [NO₃⁻] mineralization in the soil during winter. GMS had greater overall effects on the tree response variables than did the NS.     

基于马克思必要劳动和剩余劳动观的农业部门剩余劳动力估算研究

针对用工荒和就业难并存的现实悖论,基于马克思的必要劳动和剩余劳动的观点,使用我国1978 ～ 2010年时间序列数据对我国农业部门潜在剩余劳动力进行点估计和区间估计.结果表明,我国目前农业部门的潜在剩余劳动力数量大约在2亿左右,并且我国的劳动力供给潜在优势持续时间最短为20年左右,最长为30年左右.要充分利用劳动力供给的潜在机遇,必须尽快调整和优化产业结构,加强农业生产技术研发和农业劳动力培训力度,并加速城乡发展的一体化进程.     

我国农村剩余劳动力的成因探析

当前,"三农"问题是制约我国经济健康运行的瓶颈,而农村剩余劳动力的转移已成为"三农"问题的关键。农村剩余劳动力的成因不同,转移模式也不尽相同。本文从推进和拉动两方面来探究我国农村剩余劳动力的历史成因,从而对选择我国农村剩余劳动力的转移模式提供参考。     

人工湿地污泥处理技术研究进展

人工湿地污泥处理技术是利用植物、污泥微生物和自然力对活性污泥法处理城市污水的剩余污泥进行脱水与稳定。该技术具有运行费用低、不需要添加化学药剂、终产物可以安全处置或农用等优点。文中介绍了人工湿地污泥处理技术的概念、工作原理、脱水和稳定效果、温室气体排放以及设计和运行中常见的问题。在人工湿地处理污泥过程中,污泥脱水是由植物蒸发蒸腾、污泥渗滤和矿化作用协同完成的;污泥中有机质和氮磷等物质的转化和去除受进泥性质、运行参数和气象条件等因素影响较大。湿地植物芦苇能够保持足够的渗透系数并通过蒸腾作用去除污泥中的毛细水,在污泥脱水和污泥稳定中发挥着显著作用。由于人工湿地技术处理污泥工程实践时间相对较短,运行时通常出现一些问题,常见问题包括芦苇的长势不良、湿地中的液态厌氧污泥含水率过高、最后的稳定期污泥含水率过低等,需要在实践中予以解决。     

农业机械化:农村剩余劳动力转移的“外部模式”

农业机械化是实现农业现代化的必要途径。文章分析了农业机械化与农村剩余劳动力转移的相互作用,提出了我国农村劳动力转移的两种模式,并进一步分析了农业机械化将主要带来劳动力转移的"外部模式"。     

我国农村·农民贫困根源的实证分析

我国农村、农民的贫困直接表现为 :农民收入过低、收入增幅呈逐年下降趋势 ;农民贫富差距悬殊、两极分化严重 ;城乡差距进一步拉大。而我国农村、农民贫困的根源主要表现在 :小农户、大市场的矛盾 ;农村教育水平极端落后 ;农业剩余劳动力转移不畅 ;农村社会保障制度滞后 ;国家财政对农业、农村投入不足。     

临沂市农村剩余劳动力现状及转移对策

介绍临沂市农村剩余劳动力现状,分析农村剩余劳动力产生的原因及其制约因素,并提出相应对策,以期促进临沂市农村剩余劳动力的转移。     

山西省农村剩余劳动力转移的现状及对策

我国是一个农业大国,农村剩余劳动力的转移是解决"三农"问题的有效途径。山西是人口大省,也是农业大省,农村剩余劳动力转移问题严重影响山西经济社会发展。分析山西省农村剩余劳动力转移情况,探讨农村剩余劳动力存在的问题和制约因素,并提出解决问题的对策,对全面推动社会主义新农村建设具有重要意义。