Using chemical seed dormancy breakers with herbicides for weed management in soyabean and wheat

Variable dormancies result in periodicity in the germination of weeds and make weed control a repetitive practice. Under some conditions, repeated applications of selective herbicides can lead to the dominance of perennial weeds like Cyperus rotundus . Our hypothesis was that applying a chemical dormancy breaker (DB ) plus herbicide mixture would better control a mixture of weed species. Three experiments were designed to develop a cost‐effective DB treatment and to evaluate its dose with herbicides tank‐mixtures for effective weed management. KNO ₃ and gibberellic acid GA ₃ as dormancy breakers offered comparable effects, but KNO ₃ was more economical than GA ₃. KNO ₃ at a 6% concentration was more effective in promoting weed germination than a 3% concentration in soyabean. A combination of KNO ₃ (6%) and pre‐emergence pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha^?1 + imazethapyr 0.10 kg a.i. ha^?1 controlled annual weeds by 99% and reduced C. rotundus growth by 83%. This treatment gave significantly higher soyabean yield and net returns. Similarly, a tank‐mixture comprising of clodinafop 0.06 kg a.i. ha^?1 + metsulfuron 0.006 kga.i. ha^?1 was more effective against weeds than pre‐emergence tank‐mix application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha^?1 + carfentrazone‐ethyl 0.02 kg a.i. ha^?1 and isoproturon 0.75 kg a.i. ha^?1. The use of pre‐emergence tank‐mixture of pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha^?1 + imazethapyr 0.10 kg a.i. ha^?1 should exhaust seed/tuber bank if repeated and reduce the application cost of herbicides by 50% and the dose, residue and cost of pendimethalin by 25%.     

几种除草剂混配对麦田阔叶杂草的防除效果

通过田间试验,比较双氟磺草胺、唑草酮、氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯等9种除草剂及其混剂在小麦田防除播娘蒿、猪殃殃、荠菜3种阔叶杂草的效果,以期筛选出对河南省小麦田优势阔叶杂草防效较好的药剂组合。结果表明,供试药剂对小麦均比较安全,对小麦生长发育无不良影响。药后28 d,29%氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯WP 111.31 g/hm~2(有效成分用量,下同)+5%唑草酮WP 3.31 g/hm~2对播娘蒿和猪殃殃的防效最佳,其中对播娘蒿的株防效和鲜质量防效均达到100.00%,对猪殃殃的株防效和鲜质量防效分别为68.42%、71.44%;50 g/L双氟磺草胺SC 7.50 g/hm~2+40%唑草酮WG 15.00 g/hm~2+200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯EC 120.00 g/hm~2对荠菜的防效最佳,株防效为80.69%,鲜质量防效为85.92%。29%氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯WP 111.31 g/hm~2+5%唑草酮WP3.31 g/hm~2对总草的防效最佳,株防效为82.80%,鲜质量防效为89.49%;50 g/L双氟磺草胺SC7.50 g/hm~2+90%甲基碘磺隆钠盐TG 9.99 g/hm~2复配和200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯EC 150.00 g/hm~2对总草的株防效分别为60.24%、47.31%,鲜质量防效分别为66.86%、53.92%,效果较差。总体来说,推荐使用29%氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯WP 111.31 g/hm~2+5%唑草酮WP 3.31 g/hm~2、50 g/L双氟磺草胺SC 7.50 g/hm~2+40%唑草酮WG 15.00 g/hm~2,不仅对小麦田播娘蒿、荠菜、猪殃殃均有较好的防效,而且对小麦安全。     

不同除草剂对山西省高粱田杂草的防除效果研究

为解决山西省高粱田杂草防除难的问题,采用完全随机区组的试验方法进行了山西省高粱田土壤封闭剂和茎叶处理剂的筛选研究。结果表明：播后苗前土壤处理,莠去津、金都尔和2,4-D丁酯单剂用量分别在6750、1350、1200 mL/hm²以下时,高粱出苗安全且除草效果好;莠去津和金都尔复配组合最优配比为5250 mL/hm²+ 900 mL/hm²。苗后茎叶处理,除草单剂二氯喹啉酸、莠去津、二甲四氯、2,4-D丁酯除草效果较好且对高粱产量影响较小,使用剂量分别为750 g/hm²、2700 g/hm²、1500 g/hm²、 1050 mL/hm²;复配剂最优配比为莠去津2250 g/hm²+二氯喹啉酸 600 g/hm²、莠去津2250 g/hm² +2,4-D丁酯300 mL/hm²和苯达松3000 mL/hm²+二氯喹啉酸750 g/hm²。     

除草剂防治云杉矮槲寄生效果初报

选用5种不同的常见除草剂,在云杉天然林中对云杉矮槲寄生芽进行防除试验,筛选出效果理想且无药害发生的药剂,并确定其最佳使用浓度。结果表明在寄生芽上喷施浓度为1∶100的90%乙草胺乳油防效最好,施药后3 d寄生芽开始脱落,施药14 d后对寄生芽防除率达到100％,其他几种试验药剂虽然对寄生芽也有防除作用,但效果次之。     

3种除草剂对甘薯田杂草的田间防效试验

为明确乙草胺、乙氧氟草醚、二甲戊乐灵3种除草剂对甘薯的安全性和对甘薯田杂草的防治效果,进行了田间小区试验。结果表明：各处理对甘薯安全,综合30、45d调查结果,喷洒50％乙草胺乳油4500mL／hm^2对禾本科杂草株防效较好;喷洒24％乙氧氟草醚乳油1500mL／hm^2对阔叶杂草防效较好;喷洒50％乙草胺乳油4500mL／hm^2、24％乙氧氟草醚乳油750mL／hm^2和24％乙氧氟草醚乳油1500mL／hm^23个处理对杂草的综合防效较好。30d综合株防效分别为73．05％、65．55％、83．81％;45d综合株防效分别为86．26％、84．54％、88．81％,鲜重防效分别为92．90％、97．11％、97．80％,可有效防除甘薯田杂草。     

糯玉米对烟嘧磺隆除草剂的抗性研究

对甜、糯玉米自交系及其组配的杂交种对烟嘧磺隆抗性表现进行比较分析。结果表明,在糯玉米种质中存在抗除草剂基因型,利用抗性材料进行杂交组合的组配可提高杂交种对除草剂的抗性,且糯玉米敏感基因型的药害反应与甜玉米不同,糯玉米中可能存在不同的抗性基因。研究明确糯玉米进行抗烟嘧磺隆种质筛选的药剂浓度与建议浓度一致,对杂交种抗除草剂鉴定采用1.5倍建议浓度,调查除草剂药害的最适时间在药剂处理后10～15 d。     

Difference in ultraweak photon emissions between sulfonylurea-resistant and sulfonylurea-susceptible biotypes of Scirpus juncoides following the application of a sulfonylurea herbicide

We examined the ultraweak photon emissions from a paddy weed, Scirpus juncoides , to assess the availability of photon emissions for the identification of weed biotypes resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides. The emission intensity from the plant organs increased when treated with a sulfonylurea herbicide in a concentration-dependent manner. The increment in emissions was higher in the sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes than in the sulfonylurea-susceptible biotypes. The difference between the biotypes was greater in the culms than in the roots and remained so through the vegetative growth stage to the flowering stage. This difference was independent of the seed source or mutations in the acetolactate synthase genes of the resistant biotypes. These results suggest that the determination of ultraweak photon emissions can be a useful method for identifying the sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of S. juncoides.     

两种二苯醚类除草剂对花生苗期生长发育及氮素代谢的影响

在温室条件下,研究三氟羧草醚和乙羧氟草醚对苗期花生生长发育以及氮素代谢的影响.结果表明两种除草荆均明显抑制苗期花生的生长发育,同时抑制苗期花生的氮素代谢过程中关键酶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性,导致苗期花生植株的全氮含量显著降低.其中三氟羧草醚对花生生长发育的抑制作用较强,在高剂量下,对花生植株鲜重抑制率、干重抑制率分别为32.85%和30.00%;与对照花生的结瘤率(80.00%)相比,三氟羧草醚处理的花生结瘤率为28.60%;叶片叶绿素含量在处理后各时期均低于空白对照.三氟羧草醚和乙羧氟草醚对花生氮素代谢的关键酶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均有不同程度的抑制作用,影响了花生氮素的正常代谢.花生植株全氮含量分别为1.452%和1.553%,显著低于对照植株全氮含量.