新农药甲硫嘧磺隆的醇解动力学及机理研究

甲硫嘧磺隆,试验代号为HNPC-C9908,化学名称为2-(4-甲氧基-6-甲硫基嘧啶-2-基)氨基甲酰基氨基磺酰基苯甲酸甲酯,是我国具有自主知识产权的新型磺酰脲类除草剂,主要用于麦田杂草的防除。采用HPLC和LC/MS研究了甲硫嘧磺隆的醇解动力学及其机理。结果表明,甲硫嘧磺隆在甲醇和乙醇中可发生快速的醇解反应,并可用一级动力学方程很好描述,其醇解半衰期分别为10.6和11.6d,说明醇解反应可能是磺酰脲类化合物的普遍特征之一。甲硫嘧磺隆的醇解反应因温度、pH值、甲醇含量以及有效成分浓度而异。甲硫嘧磺隆的醇解速率随温度升高而加快,其在15、25、35和45℃等4个温度下的醇解半衰期分别为41.0d、10.6d、3.8d和13.0h,温度效应系数为28.06;甲硫嘧磺隆醇解反应的活化能和活化焓与温度之间无明显相关性,其平均活化能和活化焓分别为186.28和183.71kJ·mol-1,而活化熵绝对值则随温度升高而增加,表现出良好的相关性,其平均活化熵为-11.28kJ·mol-1·K-1,说明甲硫嘧磺隆的醇解主要为双分子亲核取代反应;甲硫嘧磺隆在酸性醇液中的降解速率明显快于中性和碱性醇溶液中的降解速率,其在pH...     

Diclofop resistance in sterile wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) in wheat fields in Greece and its management by other post-emergence herbicides

In 2009, a survey was conducted of cereal fields in five prefectures of Greece to establish the frequency and distribution of herbicide-resistant sterile wild oat (Avena sterilis L.). In total, 104 sterile wild oat accessions were collected and screened in a field experiment (conducted in 2009 and repeated in 2010) with several herbicides commonly used to control this weed. Most of the sterile wild oat accessions (89%) were classed as resistant (or developing resistant) to the ACCase-inhibiting herbicide diclofop, while resistance to other ACCase-inhibiting herbicides was markedly lower. The results of the pot experiments showed that some of the sterile wild oat accessions were found to have a very high level of diclofop resistance (resistance index up to 28.6), while cross-resistance with other herbicides was common. The levels of resistance and cross-resistance patterns varied among biotypes with different amount and time of selection pressure, indicating either more than one mechanism of resistance or different resistance mutations in these sterile wild oat biotypes. LA14, which had the highest diclofop resistance level (28.6 resistance index), showed resistance to all APP herbicides applied and non-ACCase inhibitors. Alternative ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, namely tralkoxydim and pinoxaden remain effective on 86 and 92% of the tested sterile wild oat populations, respectively. For the ALS-inhibiting herbicide mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, nearly all the sterile wild oat accessions were susceptible (97%), with only 3 of them classed as developing resistance. Therefore, there is an opportunity to effectively control sterile wild oat by selecting from a wide range of herbicides and other cultural practices. Early post-emergence herbicide application is strongly suggested, since it could decrease the number of resistant seeds in the field and slow down the dispersal of this major problem.     

亚麻化学除草技术应用研究

在调查出宾川县亚麻田杂草种类，分析出亚麻田杂草发生规律的基础上，研究出亚麻化学除草的药剂和配方以及相应的施用技术。3年累计示范推广亚麻化学除草5701．7hm^2，节约生产费用846．5万元，新增总产值836．1万元，新增纯收益797．1万元，科技投资收益率1：20．44，经济效益非常显著。     

Weed control with selected herbicides in acetolactate synthase-resistant sorghum

The recent development of grain sorghum hybrids with resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides has allowed for the use of several post-emergence applied (POST) ALS-inhibitors to control weeds in the crop. Field experiments were conducted at four sites in Kansas in 2008 to evaluate the efficacy of nicosulfuron and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied alone or in combination with dicamba, metsulfuron methyl, and atrazine. All POST treatments slightly injured sorghum 2 weeks after treatment (WAT) at Garden City and Hesston, whereas at Hays and Manhattan, only treatments that included dicamba caused injury. Nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied alone provided 41, 83, 74, and 93% control of grasses 4 WAT at Garden City, Hays, Hesston, and Manhattan, respectively. However, to obtain the highest level broadleaf weed control, nicosulfuron or nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron need to be applied with other broadleaf herbicides. POST treatment of nicosulfuron + metsulfuron methyl + dicamba + atrazine provided 90% or greater control of all broadleaf weeds at sorghum flowering. Sorghum grain yield was greater following all herbicide treatments compared with the weedy check. The POST treatment that provided the highest yield at Garden City was nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron + atrazine, whereas in Hesston and Manhattan, nicosulfuron + metsulfuron methyl + dicamba + atrazine provided the highest yields. This research showed that many grasses can be effectively controlled with POST applications of nicosulfuron or nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron in ALS-resistant sorghum. The research also indicated that broadleaf weed control is greater when nicosulfuron or nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron are applied with other broadleaf-control herbicides such as dicamba, metsulfuron methyl, and atrazine.     

水稻苯达松敏感突变研究进展

采用γ-射线辐射诱变技术,日本和中国学者分别从粳稻和籼稻中获得了苯达松敏感致死突变体农林8号m和M8077S。水稻苯达松敏感突变也表现对磺酰脲类除草剂敏感,但对供试的其他除草剂没有差异反应。遗传分析表明,这两个突变体表现为等位的隐性单基因突变,对这两种除草剂的敏感是同一个基因突变的效应。对M8077S的突变位点进行了精细定位、基因克隆和互补试验,证明农林8号m和M8077S都是源于第3染色体上的一个细胞色素P450基因(CYP81A6)的单碱基缺失导致的移码突变:农林8号m中的CYP81A6自转录起始密码子ATG起第507位缺失了一个C,而M8077S中的CYP81A6第2058位缺失了一个G。水稻苯达松敏感突变用于两系法杂交水稻的除杂保纯,已经成功选育出3个具有苯达松敏感突变标记的光温敏雄性不育系(M8064S、苯88S、苯63S)以及相配套的3个杂交组合(丰两优2号、苯两优9号和苯两优639),分别通过了湖北和江西省品种审定;用于杂交水稻混植法制种,已经成功选育出具有苯达松敏感标记的恢复系(MC526)以及相配套的杂交组合(混制1号),制定了机械化混播制种的生产规程和技术要点。还展望了CYP81A6基因在抗除草剂育种、转基因水稻安全控制以及水稻化学杀雄方面的应用前景。     

几种化学除草剂对盾负泥虫影响的初步测定

选用北方地区大豆田和果园常用化学除草剂,用点滴,药纸,涂抹法进行对盾负泥虫影响的测定研究。结果初步表明,氟乐灵,虎威处理的卵孵化率与对照比较差异显著,分别减少２２．４％和１５．８％。而农农和２,４－Ｄ丁酯对卵的孵化率影响很小,与对照比较无显著差异。只减少３．５％和３．７％,     

防除滩涂米草入侵的根际缓释方法

为防除滨海滩涂互花米草入侵,探讨根际土壤缓释除草剂的新方法。该研究采用扩散法研究了蛭石、PE膜和合成壳聚糖膜3种缓释材料的根际缓释除草剂的性能,同时,采用根部浸泡试验验证根际施药防除互花米草的效果。结果表明,3种缓释材料的缓释性能差异显著,蛭石对草甘膦控释能力较弱,初始释放农药量最大,释放迅速,适合淤泥质潮滩;PE膜则表现出较强的控释能力,释放量较小,但整个过程释放量较稳定,适合沙质和近根际水体;壳聚糖膜介于两者之间。根部浸泡试验表明,0.25～1.00 g/L草甘膦、0.09～0.23 g/L百草枯、0.28～2.30 g/L草铵膦根部浸泡2～6 d即可显现毒杀互花米草效果,通过饱和土壤一维溶质渗滤模型计算,在点源释放模式下,除草际根部释放点间有效除草间距为50～60 cm。研究证明了根际缓释除草剂防除互花米草具有可行性。     

糯玉米对烟嘧磺隆除草剂的抗性研究

对甜、糯玉米自交系及其组配的杂交种对烟嘧磺隆抗性表现进行比较分析。结果表明,在糯玉米种质中存在抗除草剂基因型,利用抗性材料进行杂交组合的组配可提高杂交种对除草剂的抗性,且糯玉米敏感基因型的药害反应与甜玉米不同,糯玉米中可能存在不同的抗性基因。研究明确糯玉米进行抗烟嘧磺隆种质筛选的药剂浓度与建议浓度一致,对杂交种抗除草剂鉴定采用1.5倍建议浓度,调查除草剂药害的最适时间在药剂处理后10～15 d。     

植物源农药的研究

植物源农药就其低毒、低残留、与环境和谐、对非靶标生物相对安全等优点,符合现代环保和人们健康的要求而越来越引起人们的高度重视。本文综述植物源农药的资源、植物源农药杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂等的研究进展。     

不同粘度矿物油助剂对除草剂活性的影响

室内及温室内测定了10种不同粘度矿物油助剂对除草剂防除苘麻和稗草药效的影响及对玉米苗期的安全性。结果表明,10种矿物油助剂均不同程度地增加了氰草津和烟嘧磺隆防除两种杂草的活性。其中粘度为46 mm2/s (40℃)的矿物油乳剂(MOC46)对供试除草剂药效的增强作用最为明显,其次为粘度32 mm2/s (40℃)的矿物油乳剂。10种助剂对氰草津药效的增强作用大于对烟嘧磺隆。MOC46对除草剂活性的增加由高到低依次为:莠去津、氰草津＞莠去津+氰草津、莠去津+烟嘧磺隆、氰草津+烟嘧磺隆＞烟嘧磺隆;对玉米苗期安全性依次为:莠去津、烟嘧磺隆、莠去津+烟嘧磺隆＞莠去津+氰草津、氰草津+烟嘧磺隆＞氰草津。氰草津与MOC46混用对玉米苗期药害较重。