不同小麦品种对麦田磺酰脲类除草剂的耐药性研究

通过敏感性测定，明确了不同小麦品种对麦田磺酰脲类除草剂的耐药性。结果表明，百农６５，豫麦２号耐药性较强；百农６４，豫麦３２号，中育３号耐药性居中，豫麦２１号，豫麦１８号耐药性较弱。豫麦２１号对药剂的敏感性最强，用药不当，易产生药害，并对品种×药剂间及品种×药剂×含量间的协同效应进行了分析。     

化学除草剂在绿化苗木培育中的应用

应用10％草甘膦水剂、30％飞达可溶性粉剂、20％克无踪水剂3种化学除草剂在优质绿化苗木培育中进行对比试验，试验效果均较显著，其中30％飞达可溶性粉剂使用方便，成本较低，效果最好，可大面积推广。     

Chemical cotton stalk destruction for maintenance of host-free periods for the control of overwintering boll weevil in tropical and subtropical climates

In the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas, cotton regrows and produces fruit from undestroyed stalks throughout the winter, and in spring weevils from such locations become a serious threat. The success of the boll weevil eradication program, which was reintroduced in the LRGV in 2005, will be dependent on thorough stalk destruction following harvest. However, adverse weather conditions and conservation tillage often impede immediate and complete stalk destruction using typical tool implements, and alternative stalk control methods are needed. This study provides an examination of the efficacy for cotton stalk destruction of different herbicides (thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl, dicamba-diolamine, 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, flumioxazin, 2,4-DB-dimethylammonium and carfentrazone-ethyl) and their rates, spray volumes and application timings on shredded or standing cotton stalks after stripper or picker harvest. None of the tested herbicides, except 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, stopped post-harvest cotton regrowth and fruiting. 2,4-D-dimethylammonium sprayed once (0 or 7 days) after cotton was harvested at 1 lb AE acre(-1) (1.12 kg ha(-1)), in a spray volume of 10 gal water acre(-1) (93.5 L ha(-1)) with 5 mL L(-1) surfactant, was highly effective in stalk destruction (72-90%). The best results were achieved when the herbicide was applied immediately after the cotton was shredded, followed by standing stripper-harvested and standing picker-harvested cotton. 2,4-D-dimethylammonium applied twice, 0 and 14 (or 21) days after cotton harvest, was 100% effective in killing stalks, regardless of whether they were shredded or standing, or whether harvest was by stripper or picker. These findings showed that 2,4-D-dimethylammonium cotton stalk destruction eliminated food and reproductive opportunities for managing overwintering boll weevils [Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)].     

无人机播前喷施除草剂防除棉田杂草效果评价

【目的】 分析不同喷药处理喷施33%二甲戊灵乳油对棉田杂草防效及棉花生长发育的影响,为棉田无人机播前喷施除草剂提供理论依据。【方法】 在新疆机采棉种植模式下,选择土壤封闭剂二甲戊灵为供试除草剂,设计播前无人机3个不同浓度喷药,车载喷药机喷药和不喷药5个处理,分析不同处理对棉田杂草防效及棉花生长发育的影响。【结果】 无人机喷施二甲戊灵进行棉田播前土壤处理,处理2(3 450 mL/hm²时)控草效果与车载喷药机处理相当,防治效果均达到94.00%,且显著好于不施药效果,出苗率均达59.71%,与不施药处理差异不显著。增加药剂浓度1 200 mL/hm²对棉花出苗有影响,出苗率降低7.54%,但差异不显著。无人机喷药处理株高、叶龄、地上部干物质重、叶面积指数与车载喷药机喷药处理间差异不显著,显著高于不喷药处理。【结论】 无人机喷施播前二甲戊灵浓度3 450 mL/hm²时与车载喷药机喷施浓度3 450 mL/hm²防草效果和棉花生长发育相当,可在大田推广使用。     

小麦田除草剂应用技术

通过对麦田杂草生长状况以及影响麦田除草剂使用因素的剖析,针对性地提出了解决对策和途径,包括除草剂类型的选择,最佳防治期的选择,根据常见麦田的杂草选择何种化学除草药剂,除草药剂量的使用,提高除草剂喷施质量的要求等,并结合近几年我国小麦田的优势杂草种类,主要应用的除草剂分析了目前国内麦田杂草的抗药性现状及防治对策。     

春玉米化学除草剂药害的发生原因及其预防和缓解技术措施

在河北省隆化县,玉米田化学除草剂药害发生程度逐渐加重、面积逐年加大,严重影响了玉米生产。分析了造成玉米田化学除草剂药害的主要原因,并提出了合理适期选用化学除草剂、注意天气情况、提高喷药技术,运用农业技术并辅助喷洒植物生长调节剂等措施,可以预防和缓解药害的发生。     

春谷除草剂筛选及防效研究

选用12种除草剂对春谷田间杂草防效进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,播后苗前进行土壤处理,12种除草剂中有4种致谷苗死亡;其余8种对谷子幼苗均有一定的抑制作用,但拔节前可恢复正常;施药后15,30,45 d调查,莠去津和2,4-D丁酯2种除草剂的防效较好,对双子叶杂草的株防效、鲜质量抑制率、综合株防效、综合鲜质量抑制率均超过80%,莠去津优于2,4-D丁酯。     

黑龙江省长残留除草剂应用及残留药害情况调查

目前生产上使用的长残留除草剂主要有氯嘧磺隆、咪草烟、氟磺胺草醚、异噁草松和莠去津。涉及药害的作物有大豆、水稻、玉米、亚麻、马铃薯、白瓜、甜菜及一些经济作物。为改善农业生态环境和促进农业生产,对黑龙江省长残留除草剂的使用及产生残留药害的情况进行了调查。结果表明:2012年黑龙江省长残留除草剂使用商品量7 659.2t,有效量2 473.8t,可用面积305.72万hm2次。2012年全省使用有效量比2011年增加18.16%。2012年全省长残留除草剂造成的残留药害面积达65.81万hm2次,药害发生面积最多的是黑河地区,达21.09万hm2次,其次是佳木斯地区18.88万hm2次,哈尔滨地区11.17万hm2次。建议限制和减少长残留除草剂的生产和使用,推广应用降低除草剂残留的新技术。     

池杉苗圃地化学除草试验

池杉苗圃地的化学除草试验结果表明：克芜踪以剂量３０００ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２的除草率最高，可达８０％，但除草不彻底。剂量为４５００－７５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２的草甘膦，除草率可高达８５．５％。二甲四氯与克芜踪混施，最佳配方是３０００ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２克芜踪＋１５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２二甲四氯，除草率高的可达９０．８８％除草效果与成本考虎，３种除草剂中以草甘膦除草率高，杂草死亡彻底，成本较低。     

Soil and weed management for enhancing arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of wheat

Tillage and weed control are critical components of cropping systems that need to be combined such that crops benefit from reduced competition. However, weeds may also contribute to the biological diversity within the agro‐environment. This greenhouse study investigated whether common weeds of arable cropping systems were suitable host plants for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), allowing the development of extraradical mycelium (ERM) that can contribute to the early colonization of a following wheat crop, especially in the absence of soil disturbance. Weeds were allowed to grow for up to 2 months before being controlled by soil disturbance or herbicide application (glyphosate or paraquat). Pregerminated wheat seeds were then planted. Chemical control of the weeds prior to sowing enhanced the early arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) colonization rate of wheat roots, whereas mechanical disturbance was less acceptable as a method of weed control for rapid AM colonization. The type of herbicide (contact or systemic) had no impact on colonization of the wheat crop. Enhanced AM colonization promoted early P acquisition and growth of the crop. Appropriate management of weeds emerging between two consecutive cropping seasons coupled with no‐till soil management could ensure a quick and efficient AM colonization of the following wheat plants.