南方双季稻区水田高留茬秸秆还田机作业效果研究

为考察自行研制的南方双季稻区水田高留茬秸秆还田机大田作业效果,以原谷珍香为供试品种进行大田试验,并设置现有的常规秸秆还田机作业进行对照,通过对早稻不同高度的留茬秸秆进行还田作业,考察了该机具的耕作效果,并研究了对后茬晚稻机插质量、群体质量构建及产量和产量构成等指标的影响。结果显示,较对照,同一留茬高度时,经自行研制的南方双季稻区水田高留茬秸秆还田机处理的效果显著,其耕深、耕深稳定性、埋茬深度、耕后地面平整度和植被覆盖率分别平均提升5.18%、4.64%、20.85%、21.61%和4.43%,漏插率、漂秧率、伤秧率和翻倒率分别平均降低28.79%、23.17%、29.84%和45.02%,均匀度合格率和插秧深度合格率分别平均提高1.40%和1.65%,茎蘖数平均提高2.52%～6.62%,SPAD值（移栽后27 d始）平均提高3.59%～6.53%,地上部干物质重（插秧后34 d始）平均提高1.78%～4.81%,穗干重和收获指数分别平均提高3.39%和2.16%,有效穗、穗粒数、千粒重、结实率和理论产量分别平均提高2.52%、1.34%、0.08%、1.41%和5.47%,实际产量平均增产268.86 kg·hm^-2,平均增产率4.09%。该机具对秸秆的留茬高度适应性强,作业效果好,适宜在南方双季稻区水田进行推广应用。     

水稻灭茬机扶茬机构设计与试验

【目的】解决水稻灭茬机作业时,驱动轮容易将高留茬压倒,引起轮辙处倒茬多,导致水稻秸秆粉碎效果不理想的问题。【方法】研发了一种具有扶禾功能的水稻灭茬机,利用固接于扶茬轮轴上的"L"型扶指,采用扶茬轮轴和粉碎轮轴双侧带轮分流传动方式,实现前置扶茬系统与后置粉碎系统配合作业,使水稻秸秆倒伏的留茬被扶起后立即喂入粉碎室。采用正交设计试验验证灭茬机的田间性能。【结果】水稻灭茬机的前进速度、扶辊转速和扶指宽度均对水稻秸秆粉碎率有显著影响。田间试验的结果表明,机具工作参数的最佳组合为前进速度5.38 km·h~(–1)、扶辊转速160 r·min~(–1)和扶指宽度50 mm,该组合的水稻秸秆粉碎效果最好,粉碎率达到92.52%。【结论】该扶茬机结构简单,对水稻秸秆的扶茬粉碎效果好,在实际生产中能够提升高留茬稻秆的粉碎效率。     

免耕播种机凹面爪式清茬机构仿真与试验

机具的清茬效率是秸秆覆盖条件下免耕播种的重要指标。本文针对东北地区保护性耕作模式,在吉林省康达农业机械有限公司生产的2BMZF-2型免耕播种机上,改进设计一种具有凹面结构的秸秆清茬机构,分析了播种机作业速度、清茬轮入土深度以及清茬轮运动偏角等因素对清茬效果的影响。根据仿真分析以及田间试验结果确定了清茬机构的关键参数,以及最佳工作参数组合为:清茬轮轮盘直径D为350 mm、运动偏角λ为37.5°、机具速度v_0为2.77 m/s、入土深度d为70 mm。在上述参数条件下进行田间试验时,清茬率可达到83.61%。结果表明,本文所设计的清茬机构可有效清洁种床、减少机具堵塞,可以为东北地区玉米免耕播种作业提供技术支撑。     

北京地区6个夏茬生菜品种比较分析

[目的]为筛选出更适合北京地区高温季节种植的结球生菜品种,对5个新品种及一个主栽品种进行了栽培品比.[方法]在定植后第60 d对6个品种生菜的产量、形态及抗性进行测定,测定数据应用方差分析法进行综合评价.[结论]参试的5个生菜新品种中拳王抗抽薹抗烧心烧边的表现最好,产量可达到5.6万kg/hm2,综合表现最佳.     

Straw management and optimal N fertilization in seed production of timothy (Phleum Pratense L.) and Meadow Fescue (Festuca Pratensis Huds.)

The market for herbage seed straw has diminished in many seed-production areas due to less livestock. Seed growers are therefore looking for alternatives to straw removal, which up to now has been the most common practice. During 2000–2006, different alternative straw chopping methods, both at the back of the combiner and with a tractor-mounted flail-chopper, and field burning strategies were evaluated in seed crops of timothy (Phleum pratense) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) in southeast Norway. The requirement for an extra N input in autumn (30–40?kg ha^-1) when practising straw chopping was also examined. Compared to straw removal, straw chopping at the back of the combiner during seed harvest did not reduce seed yield in the following year as long as stubble height was low (<10?cm in timothy) and the straw spread uniformly in the field. On average, seed yield was 1–4% and 1–9% higher compared to straw removal in timothy and meadow fescue, respectively. If the chopped straw was spread unevenly, or long stubble was left at combining, it is recommended to use a tractor-mounted flail-chopper after harvest. The experiments did not provide any support for an extra input of nitrogen in autumn, either in timothy or meadow fescue, when the straw was chopped rather than removed. Burning of stubble and straw soon after seed harvest was another efficient clean-up method after harvest, which increased seed yield 9–15% and 17–20% compared to straw removal in the two species, respectively. However, as the burning method is risky and causes smoke emissions, it is normally not recommended. It is concluded that for most seed growers, the most effective, least laborious and most environment-friendly alternative to straw removal will be to chop the straw at the back of the combiner during seed harvest.     

Composition of the stubble weed flora and its role for Heterodera schachtii in the year preceding sugar beet production

In Germany, sugar beet is often rotated with 2 years of cereal. Extensive fallow periods between cereal harvest and autumn primary tillage allow for a weed flora to develop. Broad‐leaved weeds could potentially be alternate hosts for the common nematode Heterodera schachtii, one of the most important pests of sugar beet. Between 2009 and 2012, annual weeds developing in cereal stubble fields during July to mid‐October in the season prior to sugar beet were surveyed, including known hosts of H. schachtii. Yearly weather patterns and agronomic practices possibly impacted weed species composition and weed population densities. During September, Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Mercurialis annua, Polygonum spp., Solanum nigrum and Sonchus spp. occurred at the highest frequencies. Weed hosts of H. schachtii were present, but densities, frequencies and uniformity were limited. In 2010 and 2011, staining for nematodes in roots revealed juvenile penetration of some weeds but few adult stages. No indication of nematode reproduction of H. schachtii was found on these weed hosts. A fairly stable weed flora was detected on stubble fields that could provide some carry over for weed species. An elevated risk for nematode population density build‐up on these weeds was not found and management of these weeds at the observed densities during the stubble period for nematological reasons appeared unnecessary.     

作物残茬与生物篱组合对减轻土壤风蚀的作用

为了探究中国北方农牧交错带冬春风蚀季节生物篱与作物残茬组合对间作裸露秋翻地的防护作用,采用风蚀圈和野外移动式风洞试验的方法对研究区土壤风蚀情况进行监测,利用PC-3型自动气象站进行风速测定。结果表明,油葵秆生物篱减小了间作裸地近地面风速,提高了地表粗糙度;从防风蚀效果看草谷子茬优于油葵秆生物篱;在距油葵秆生物篱或草谷子茬下风向裸地不同位置处,土壤风蚀量基本呈先增加后减小的单峰曲线变化趋势,在4 m左右土壤风蚀量最大,在篱和茬的双重保护下,距茬5 m处发生了风积现象;土壤风蚀量降低率基本呈“V”字型分布;土壤风蚀模数随风速增大而增加,在生物篱的保护下5～15 m/s风速时土壤风蚀降低率为5.03%～20.53%。因此,油葵秆生物篱具有防风蚀作用,而且与草谷子残茬组合对间作裸地会起到更好的固土防蚀作用。     

农田休闲期作物留茬对近地表风场的影响

茬是防治农田休闲期土壤风蚀的有效措施。该文利用野外观测数据,通过比较不同高度的4种作物留茬及冰草覆盖地表的风速廓线,分析各种处理下近地面风速和空气动力学特征,揭示作物留茬防止土壤风蚀的机制。结果表明：作物留茬降低了地面以上2 m高度内的风速,降低幅度与留茬高度成正比,与观测高度成反比。高度相同时不同类型的留茬比较,莜麦和小麦茬下风速降低幅度较大,植株稀疏的油菜茬和秸秆较细的胡麻茬的防风效果较差。同类作物不同高度的留茬覆盖下,地表空气动力学粗糙度随留茬高度的增加而增大,在莜麦、油菜和小麦茬高度达到15、30和15 cm时显著增大,是3种留茬防风的有效高度。可见,高度适宜的作物留茬能降低近地面风速,削弱侵蚀力,有效防治土壤风蚀。     

朝鲜碱茅放牧留茬高度试验

朝鲜碱茅放牧留茬高度试验结果表明,不同放牧时间和不同留茬高度影响朝鲜碱茅的生长速度。朝鲜碱茅春季适宜开始放牧时间应在牧草高度达12～15 cm(4月下旬),放牧留茬高度应为6.0 cm左右。     

不同种类有机肥对油菜茬烟田供肥特性的影响

2007年,在河南省宝丰县油菜茬烟田进行不同种类有机肥的田间试验,研究了优质腐熟芝麻饼肥、腐殖酸、氨基酸3种有机肥对烟田土壤供肥特性的影响。结果表明:施用不同种类的有机肥可以不同程度地提高土壤中有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量,提高土壤供应N、P、K的能力,优化烟株生长环境。其中以腐殖酸和饼肥配施处理效果最好,其次是施用氨基酸有机肥处理。